分子植物育种,2014年,第12卷,第5期,第1027-1033页Molecular Plant Breeding,2014,Vol.12,No.5,1027-1033评述与展望Review and Progress水稻抗旱基因调控机制及其分子育种利用王莉1,2钱前1*张光恒1*1中国水稻研究所水稻生物学国家重点实验室,杭州,310006;2中国农科院研究生院,北京,100081*通讯作者,qianqian188@;zhangguangheng@摘要稻米是中国最主要的粮食作物之一,多途径提高水稻单产和稻米总量,对解决我国粮食安全上具有十分重要的意义。
而如何解决日益增长的水稻总产需求和干旱缺水环境之间的矛盾是中国21世纪将面临的最严重的粮食问题之一。
本文从水稻抗旱种质资源及耐旱基因的功能角度出发,对抗旱育种的种质资源,耐(抗)旱基因调控机理及其分子育种应用等研究进展进行综述。
综合分析认为,水稻抗旱特性调控基因主要包括功能基因和调节基因两大类:功能基因的调控作用主要表现在蛋白酶的调节、糖类物质积累、渗透调节、有毒物质降解和水稻细胞机构调节等五个方面;而调节基因则主要参与编码信号转导相关的信号因子和响应胁迫的转录因子家族。
这些基因的克隆为水稻抗旱性研究和抗旱育种奠定了理论基础。
此外,中国抗旱分子育种还处于起始阶段,受种植区域、生产成本、稻米品质及病虫害抗性等方面影响,旱稻推广面积偏小。
在中国转基因水稻尚未全面放开背景下,目前转基因旱稻品种选育和技术研究还处于技术储备层面。
在现阶段抗旱育种实践重点是提高旱稻育种效率和选育技术创新,同时兼顾高产、抗病虫害农艺特性,结合分子技术聚合或导入外源抗旱基因,选育高产、耐旱、优质旱稻品种,充分挖掘旱稻增产潜力。
这将为我国缓和粮食生产与淡水资源缺乏之间的矛盾提供新思路,为确保我国粮食安全、调整优化农业结构、促进节水农业持续发展开辟一条新途径。
关键词水稻,抗旱基因,调控机理,分子育种Regulation Mechanism of Drought-resistance Genes and its Molecular Breeding Utilization in Rice(Oryza sativa L.)Wang Li1,2Qian Qian1*Zhang Guangheng1*1State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology,China National Rice Research Institute,Hangzhou,310006;2Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agri-cultural Sciences,Beijing,100081*Corresponding authors,qianqian188@;zhangguangheng@DOI:10.13271/j.mpb.012.001027Abstract Rice is one of the main food crops in our country,and it is very important to improve rice yield and total rice product by multiple pathways for food security.But how to solve the contradiction between the require-ment of increasing total amount of rice and the environment of water shortage is the most serious problem we will face in the21st century.The paper expounds the advance in germplasm resources in drought-resistance breeding, regulation mechanism of drought-resistance genes and its molecular breeding application from the point of the drought-resistance germplasm resources and the functions of drought-tolerance genes in rice.The comprehensive analysis comes to the conclusion that drought resistance regulation mechanism mainly consist of functional genes and regulatory genes.The regulating effects of functional genes mainly reflect in protease adjustment, carbohydrate accumulation,osmotic adjustment,toxic material degradation and rice cell machinery regulation; regulatory genes are primarily participate in coding signal factors related to transduction and transcription factors收稿日期:2014-01-07接受日期:2013-03-27网络出版日期:2014-07-15URL:/index.php/mpbopa/article/view/1983基金项目:本研究由国家自然科学基金重大研究计划培育项目(91335105)和国家自然科学基金面上项目(31171531)共同资助分子植物育种Molecular Plant Breeding中国人口众多,粮食消费总量巨大,但农业生产所用的淡水资源十分匮乏,人均仅有2200m 3,是全球人均淡水资源最贫乏的国家之一(王海波,2011)。
而就生产用水来说,仅水稻生产就占农业用水的60%~70%左右,尤其是水资源更显缺乏的中国西北部分地区,每亩水稻一年灌溉用水约需2000m 3,即生产每1kg 大米耗水超过2000kg 以上,缺水问题突出。
水稻是中国最主要的粮食作物之一,保障粮食安全要求水稻生产的不断稳产和增产。
如何解决日益提高的水稻总产需求和干旱缺水环境之间的矛盾可能是中国21世纪将面临的最严重问题之一。
近年来,随着水稻全基因组测序的完成,成功克隆了一批与水稻株型发育、产量性状调控相关基因如MOC1(Li et al.,2003)、SD1(Sasaki et al.,2002)、Gn1a (Ashikari et al.,2005)、Ghd7(Xue et al.,2008)、Dep1(Huang et al.,2009)和IPA1(Jiao et al.,2010)等,借助转基因和分子标记辅助选择技术,逐步应用于特殊种质材料的创建和水稻分子设计育种,大大提高了育种效率。
目前利用分子生物学技术在玉米、棉花和小麦等多种作物的抗旱品种选育上研究较多,但通过分子设计育种技术选育抗旱节水的旱稻品种研究还相对偏少。
本文将从水稻耐旱的分子机制及耐旱基因的功能角度出发,对抗旱育种的种质资源,耐(抗)旱基因利用和节水技术等方面综述水稻抗旱分子育种的研究进展,以期通过抗旱分子设计育种增加水稻总产缓和粮食生产与淡水资源缺乏之间的矛盾。
1抗旱水稻种质资源及育种利用在有限的水资源条件下,充分挖掘水稻总产的family responding to stress.Those cloned genes laid a theoretical foundation for drought-resistance research and drought-resistance breeding of rice.Moreover,drought-resistance molecular breeding is really at the initial stage with small extension area in our country,affected by planting area,production cost,rice quality,pest and disease resistance,and so on.So far,the variety selection and technical research of upland rice are still at the degree of technical reserve in the context that transgenic rice has not yet been fully open.Therefore,the emphasis on drought-resistant breeding of the present stage should be put on breeding efficiency improvement and technology innovation and fully exploiting the potential of upland rice at the same time by taking account of agronomic traits of high yield and resistance to diseases and insects,combining molecular techniques polymerization or introducing exogenous drought resistance genes to select upland rice varieties with high yield,drought resistance,and superior quality.Those measures will provide us a new way to ease contradictions between grain production and the lack of fresh water resources,open up a new way to ensure food security,optimize agricultural structure,and sustainable development of water-saving agriculture.Keywords Rice (Oryza sativa L.),Drought-resistance genes,Regulation mechanism,Molecular breeding 潜力,最有效的途径主要包括扩大种植面积和提高单位面积产量(孙波等,2012,大自然,(3):6-7)。