翻译理论与实践 第三节
Those who do not remember the past are condemned to relive it. 凡是忘掉过去的人注定要重蹈覆辙。
Exercise 1:
一、试译下列各句,注意根据right在句中的词类来 确定它的词义。 1. It is not right for children to sit up late. 孩子们睡得晚不好。(熬夜对孩子不好)形容词 2. The plane was right above our heads. 飞机正好在我们头顶上。(副词) 3. In the negative, right and left, and black and white are reversed. 照片底片上,左右黑白与整篇恰好相反。(名词) 4. She tried her best to right her husband from the charge of robbery. 她尽力为她丈夫被控抢劫伸冤。(动词)
5. It took Laurence Oliver more than an hour to make up for the part of “Othello”. 扮演 “奥赛罗”这个角色,劳伦斯 奥利维花 了一个多小时化妆。 6. They made up a bed on the sofa for the unexpected visitor. 他们把沙发收拾一下让这位不速之客睡。 7. We have to drive fast to make up the hour we lost in Boston. 我们不得不加快车速,以弥补在波士顿所耽 误的时间。
试译下列各句,注意根据上下文及逻 辑关系对斜体词做进一步引申
There was no provocation for such an angry letter. 写这样一封满是愤怒的信简直是毫无道理。 The trunk was big and awkward and loaded with books. But his case was a different proposition. 那个箱子又大又笨重,装的都是书;不过他 随身携带的箱子确是另一回事。
试译下列各句,注意根据上下文来确 定斜体词的褒贬
It was mid-August and the subject for discussion was the future of Rommel and his Africa Corps. 当时是八月中旬,他们讨论的题目是隆美尔及其非 洲军团的下场。(八月三十一日:蒙哥马利中将指挥 的英军,在埃及的阿蓝哈尔法战役中,击败隆美尔的 非洲军团。) They predicted the youth would have a bright future. 他们预言,这个年轻人将会有一个锦绣前程。
Like knows like. 英雄识英雄。(名词)
2.根据上下文联系以及词在剧中的搭 配关系来选择和确定词义
英语中同一个词,同一词类,在不同场合往 往也有不同含义,必须根据上下文的联系以 及词的搭配关系或句型来判断和确定某个词 在特定场合下所应具有的词义n was an aggressive salesman who did his job quite well. 约翰是个积极肯干的推销员,他工作干得很 出色。 Hitler pursued an aggressive policy after he seized power. 希特勒夺取了政权之后就推行侵略政策。
He is the last man to consult. 根本不宜找他商量。
This is the last place where I expected to meet you. 我怎么也没料到会在这个地方见到你。
(二)词义的引申
英译汉时,有时会遇到某些词在英语词典上 找不到适当的词义,这时就应根据上下文和 逻辑关系,从该词的根本含义出发,进一步 加以引申,选择比较恰当的汉语词来表达。
1.将词义作抽象化的引申
英语中,特别在现代英语中,常常用一个表 示具体形象的词来表示一种属性、一个事物 或一种概念。翻译这类词时,一般可将其词 义作抽象化的隐身,译文才能流畅、自然。
(1)将表示具体想象的词译成该形 象所代表的属性的词
There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists. 帝国主义者的性格既残暴又狡猾。
Exercise 2:
试译下列各句,注意根据上下文及搭配关系来确定 斜体词的词义。 Account for: 1. He is ill; that accounts for his absence. 他病了,这是他缺席的原因。 2. In this battle he accounted for five of the enemy. 他在这场战斗中消灭了五个敌人。 3. I want you to account for every cent you spent. 我要你把花费的每一分钱都交代清楚。
Every life has its roses and thorns. 每个人的生活都有苦有甜。
2.将词义作具体化的引申
英语中有些词在特定的上下文中,其含义是 清楚的,但译成汉语是还必须作具体化的引 申。 The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green. 我前面的那辆车停住了,我错过了绿灯。
第三节 英译汉常 用的方法和技巧
By lucy
一、词义的选择、引申和褒贬
(一)词义的选择 英汉两种语言都有一词多类、一词多义的现 象。一词多类就是指一个词往往属于几个词 类,具有几个不同的意义。一词多义就是说 同一个词在同一个词类中,又往往有几个不 同的词义。
1.根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定 词义
Like charges repel; unlike charges attract.
相同的电荷相斥,不同的电荷相吸(形容词)
He likes mathematics more than physics. 他喜欢数学甚于物理学(动词)
In the sunbeam passing through the window there are fine grains of dust shining like gold. 在射入窗内的阳光里,细微的尘埃像金子一 般在闪闪发亮。(前置词)
Make up: 1. If the stove isn’t make up, it will go out. 如不添煤(燃料),炉子就会熄灭。 2. There isn’t any girl called Clementine. He’s just made her up. 根本没有个叫克莱门第的姑娘,全是他捏造出来的。 3. Half the roads in the region are still to be make up. 这个地区的路面还有一半没修好。 4. Society is made up of people with widely differing abilities. 社会是由具有迥然不同能力的人组成的。
(三)词义的褒贬
语言本身虽没有阶级性,但在具体使用时不 可能不为一定的阶级服务。为了忠实于原文 的思想内容,翻译时必须正确理解原作者的 基本政治立场和观点,然后选用适当的语言 手段来加以表达。
The two politicians talked for no more than five minutes, at a significant moment in their careers. 两位政治家交谈了仅仅五分钟。这次谈话是 在他们一生事业的重大时刻进行的。 As a demanding boss, he expected total loyalty and dedication from his employees. 他是个苛刻的老板,要求手下的人对他忠心 耿耿,鞠躬尽瘁。
The wedding, which Heyward still remembered with pride, was attended by a Who’s Who of Boston Society. 参加婚礼的有波士顿社会名流,赫华德想到 这次婚礼时,仍然感到非常得意。 The invention of machinery had brought into the world a new era ---- the Industrial Age. Money had become King. 机器的发明使世界进入了一个新纪元及工业 时代,金钱成了主宰一切的权威。
He is the last man to come. 他是最后来的。
He is the last man to do it. 他绝不会干那件事。
He is the last person for such a job. 他最不配干这个工作。
He should be the last to blame. 怎么也不该怪他。