近三年来，我给英语系四年级学生讲授对外经贸英语及合同写作的选修课。我发现学生们对这门课感到困难的地方倒不在于对外经贸方面的知识，也不在专业词汇的理解和记忆，因为有些专
业词汇比中文还好记，比如forward-trading一词，从英文字义上讲是将来的交易，便很快就会明白，是指中文的“期货交易”，英文比中文还好理解。同样forward exchange是指“远期外汇”,for- ward exchange rate就是“远期汇率”等等。学生们感到困难的是经贸文件、对外经贸合同中英语的语言现象。对外经贸合同、法律文件，在句子结构、用词、及动词时态上都具有自身的特点和规律，不
掌握这些特点就难以读懂对外经贸合同及具有法律意义的文件，翻译时觉得难以理顺，要想拟订一份合同更是觉得无从下手，寸步难行。为帮助学生解决这些凝难，本文就经贸合同文件的语言特
点作初步探讨。
对外经贸合同文件的形式有:协议书、合同条款、银行保函、信用证、装运单据等等，这些均属于
法律文件。法律文件具有用词准确、规范、多用法律用语、结构严谨、句子较长等特点。
一、结构严谨、句式较长
由于是法律文件，要求我们在起草每一条款时必须做到准确、严密、清楚、易解，要避免模棱两
可，似是而非，含糊不清。既要防止遣漏，又要堵绝有随意增添的可能性，这样才能避免日后因语言
上的疏忽而相互发生争议。要在一个句子中把某件事面面点到，又要严密到滴水不漏，无隙可击，势
必造成英语长句结构。常常是插入语接插入语，从句中套从句，一连套若于个从句，下面这句英文，
摘自银行履约保函，我们作一些分析，便可一斑见豹。
Now the Condition of the above一written Guarantee is such that if the Contractor shall duly perform and observe all the terms provisions conditions and stipulations of the said Contract on
the Contractor's part to be performed and observed according to the true purpor intent and mean- ing thereof or if on default by the Contractor the Guarantor shall satisfy and discharge the dam- ages sustained by the Employer up to the amount of the above-written Guauantee then this obli- gation shall be null and void but otherwise shall be and remain in full force and effect but no alter- ation in terms of the said contract or in the extent or nature of the Works to be executed complet- ed，and defects therein remedied thereunder and no allowance of time by the Employer or the engi- veer under the said Contract nor any forbearance or forgiveness in or in respect of any matter or thing concerning the said Contract on the part of the Employer or the said Engineer shall in any
way release the Guarantor from any liability under the above-written Guarantee.
这句话由170个词构成，只用了一个逗号，由if，。:,but等连接词把几层意思连成一个整体。为了便于分析，阐述，笔者将原句分成几个部分，并简称各部分为a,b,c.d，我们先看a部分: Now the Condition of the above一written Guarantee is such
a部分是句子的主要部分，比较简单，除the above-written及such具有合同文件语言特点外，其它部分与普通英语表达别无两样，如果不是写在合同条款里，就可以写成: Now the Condition of the Guaratee is that…
在英语里用定冠词“the”已有限定作用，限定Guarantee保证书，但合同语言为了更明确限定"Guarantee”又以above-written分词短语作强调限定。"Such”在此部分中也是进一步限定that引
起的表语从句。
b部分的原文如下，也即第一个if从句:
that if the Contractor shall duly perform and observe all the terms provisions conditions and stipulations of the said Contract on the Contractor's part to be performed and observed according
to the true purpor intent and meaning therelf
如果按一般非文件体写，可以写成:
if the Contractor duly perform all the terms provisions conditions and stipulations of the Con-
tract
英语if条件从句的将来时应由现在时代替，可此句中duly前面却用“shall”来表示动词的时态，这个shall属合同语言的特点，shall在这里表明主语Contractor应尽责任。文中又以Observe 和perform两个并列动词，对主语行为职责规定得非常清楚，使日后不会因为职权不清而产生纠纷。b部分的后半部分仅以“of the said Contract”来限定provisions Conditions and stipulations还
觉得不够明确，又补以on the Confractor's part to be performed and Observed把责任限定到合同中规定的承包人一方所要履行和遵守的所有条款，条件及规定，继尔又以according to the true purport intent and meaning thereof明确指出承包人履行这些条款条件及规定的根据。这样就以三个介词短语和一个不定式短语把前后两部分严密地组织在一起，把承包人对于合同应承担的责任作为此保证书有效的一个条件讲得清清楚楚。本部分中出现的thereof及d部分中出现的thereun- der等都是文件用词，后文有专门论述。
C部分原文是:
or if on default by the Contractor the Guarantor shall satisfy and discharge the damages sus- tained by the Employer up to the amount of the above-written Guarantee then this obligation
shall be null and void but otherwise shall be and remain in full force and effect
C部分以。r if引出另一种可能性，如果承包人不执行所规定的条款如何?则保证人应负有赔偿业主损失的责任。原文在阐述这一层意思时既简明又严密。仅用on default就省去了条件从句，接着对于赔偿金额以up to the amount of the above-written Guarantee给于明确规定，使违约者无可抵赖，也无从讨价还价，以保证书上的数目为准。后又接then引出赔偿后，保证书将何去何从?以
shall be null and void这样一个法律用语来宣告保证书对于责任保证作用已无效。然，又以but otherwise假设出另一种相反的情况，也就是同一问题的另一个方面。此部分语言十分精练，以oth-
er-wise代替了一个完整的条件从句，主句的主语也省略，以be和remain来强调保证书具有的全
部效力。C部分把如果承包人违约的两种情况，两种结果，说得滴水不漏。
d部分的原文是:
but no alteration in terms of the said Contract or in the extent or nature of the Works to be executed，completed and defects therein remedied thereunder and no allowance of time by the Employer or the Engineer under the said Contract nor any forgearance or forgiveness in or in re- spect of any matter or thing concerning the said Contract on the part of the Employer or the said Engineer shall in any way release the Guarantor from any liability under the above-written Guar- antee.
d部分较长，以but引出一个并列句。句子长主要是由于对三个并列主语的修饰、限制部分较多，如果简而言之的话，原句可以缩简为:
no alteration and no allowance no r any forbearance or forgiveness shall release the Guarantor from any liability.
这样一简写能使我们的学生很快看清句子结构，弄明白这一部分的主要内容，但作为合同文件，必
须把主语的三个部分的事项、范围、程度规定得一清二楚。所以三个主语都分别以若干个介词短语
和不定式短语加以限定，且用n。的名词否定形式比用动词的否定式更具有法律的权威性，谓语部
分又以“in ,any ,way'‘加强力度，以under the above-written Guarantee限定职责范围。原文中b,
c,d三部分把a部分的condition条件作了严密的阐述。监于一条款文需要就某个问题讲清楚，要排
除不必要的情况，限定所需的情况，这就需要有许多起限定作用的介词短语，分词短语、起排除或附
加作用的插入语、假设各种情况发生的从句，这样一来，势必造成长句，学生初步接触时往往感到困
难重重。其实句子结构如同房子结构，弄不清一座大楼的结构，就会在楼里转来转去出不来，所以掌
握合同文件的句子结构，是读懂合同，译好合同，写好各种合同的重要一环。
归纳上述分析，要理出句子结构首先要找出主句的主语谓语部分，先去掉与之相关的各种限制
短语或从句，再找出并列句或主从句之间的连接词，把并列部分或从属部分进行适当切割，再对每
一切割部分进行上述过程的分解，就可缕顺各部分之间的关系。这就好比看一棵大树，要从树枝树
叶上弄清各自关系很难，首先从根部找到树干，再把各大支干取下，支干中的小枝再取下，就可弄清
这棵大树枝枝叶叶之间的关系。
提供下列译文，以便参考
兹将履行上述书面保证书的条件规定如下:如果承包人切实履行并遵守所签署的上述合同中
规定的承包人一方按合同的真实旨意(实际目的)意图(向)和含义所应履行和遵守的所有条款、条
件及规定或者如果承包人违约，则保证人应赔偿业主因此而蒙受的损失，直至到达上述保证金额，
届时，本保证书所承担的义务即告终止，否则保证书仍保持完全效力，但所签合同条款的改变或对
工程的施工、完成及根据合同修补其缺陷的性质和范围的任何变更，以及业主或工程师根据上述合
同给于的时间宽限或上述工程师方面对上述合同合同有关事宜所做的任何容忍或宽恕，均不解除
保证人所承担的上述保证书规定的义务
二、用词特点(wording /Diction)
对外经贸合同文件在用词上要求准确，简洁，常常同义词连用，多用法律条文用词。
1)简洁
英语中的某些副词如“here""there“以及“where'‘在法律文件中往往当作前辍，与另一个词
构
成一个正式法律语汇中的副词，在法律文件中用这些词，可以避免重复，使行文准确、简洁。这些词
有:
hereafter，hereby，herein，hereinafter，hereinbefore，hereof，hereto，hereunder，hereupon，herewith;thereafter，thereby，therefrom，therein，thereinafter，thereinbefore，thereon，there- of，thereunder，thereunupon，therewith;
whereas，whereby，wherein，whereof，whereon etc.
现在我们举例说明这些词所起的准确、简洁作用:
例一:The headings and marginal notes in these conditions shall not be deemed part thereof or be taken into consideration in the interpretation or construction thereof or of the Contract.
句中两处用了thereof，都表示of the conditions很显然part thereof, the interpretation or construction thereof，分别比part of the coditions和in the interpretation or construction of the conditions要简洁得多，尤其是两者中的后者，以一个字取代了八个字的短语。in the interpretation
or construction thereof or of the Contract(在合同条件或合同本身的解释中)，这里的thereof 只能
是指“合同条件的”，而合同本身则用of the Contract，可见用词之准确，使人无法钻词义间的细微
差别之隙做文章。
例二:The form of this Contract:
This Contract shall be in duplicate to be held each by the Parties hereto and shall have two copies each kept by the parties hereto for record.
此句有两处用hereto，都表示the Parties to the Contract(合同双方)。在这样短的句中，1如
果，不用’'hereto'‘来代替to the Contract，那么在这一短句子里就会出现四个’'the Contract'‘一词。
显然使用hereto使句子准确、简洁，避免重复。
2)同义词连用
英语中许多词具有一词多义的特点。要使法律文件中英语用词准确，不被误解，避免不必要的
争议，在写法律文件时，对一些关键性的词采取同义词连用的办法，以确保其不被曲解。尽管从形式
上来看是一种罗嗦，有时显得繁锁，然而这样以词的重复形式，保证了内容上的准确无误，维护了法
律文件的独解性尊严。
我们还是举例说明。
例一;The Bidder shall bear all costs associated with the preparation and subnission of its bid and (hereinafter referred to as the Buyer),will in no case be responsible or liable for these costs，regardless of the conduct or outcome of the bidding process.
此句中出现两对同义词连用，第一对responsible or liable，这一对词都是表示法律上有责任的。re-
sponsible一词除“应负责任的”外，还有认真的，可靠的，可信赖的等义，liable除“有(法律)责任的，
有义务的”外，还有“应受罚的，”“应付税的”，“应服从的”“易于…的”等等意思。很显然，如不采取两
词连用，就有可能产生不必要的误解，而这两个词连用时，就只能取两词共有的意义，即“应负有责
任。”就不会产生别解，误解。同样，第二对连用Conduct or outcome都含有“result“的意思，"the
conduct or outcome of the bidding process"意为“投标的结果，’，这是一对名词同义词的连用。
例二:This contract shall at all times be subject to and governed by the General Terms and Conditions on the back hereof which are an integral part hereof.
此句的译文是:本合同服从背面所附的一般条款，该条款是本合同不可分割的一部分。从译文可以
看出句中的subject to与governed都取其“应服从于”和“受支配于”的意思。
例三:The Leasee, AA Plant, Shanjian (hereinafter referred to as Party A)and the Lessor,
BB Lease，Tokyo (hereinafter referred to as Party B)hereby agree to make and enter into this A- greement in accordance with the following terms:
文中，make this Agreement与enter into this Agreement同义，都表示签订本合同，这是同义词的
谓语动词连用。
3)、行文中使用正式的或法律上的用词:
由于经贸合同文件是法律性的正式书面文件，为了维护法律文件的权威性，使用那些我们平时
不常用的、法律的、正式的用词是必要的，要掌握使用这些用词，就要求我们多读，多实践。我们看看
法律用词在行文中的作用。
例一:If the Contractor shall duly perform and observe all the terms provisions conditions and stipulations of鱼e said cor些哩on the Contractor's part to be performed and observed according
to the true purport intent and meaning thereof.
这句话中除上面所提到的同义词连用外，(如:terms, provisions, conditions and stipulations 都是指合同条款)有两处使用T正式的法律用词:the said Confract(上述合同)"the said“或“said"是公文体，法律文体，合同文体经常使用，意思是“该”或“上述的”。另一词是)"intent”意为)"inten-
tion,purpose"(意图)intent主要用于法律语言，比intention正式。
例二:The Chairman may convene aninterim meeting based on a proposal made by one-third of the total number of directors.
句中convene与interim都是正式用词，从下面的译文中，便可知道，这两个词的含义。
译文:董事长得根据三分之一董事的的提议，召集临时董事会议。
例三:In witness whereof the Parties hereto have caused this Form of Agreement to be exe- cuted the day and year first before written in accordance with their respective laws and have caused their respective common seals to be hereunto affixed.
文中的the day and year表示日期。"exec uted'‘是法律用语，较”sign“正式，在句中意为签字生效。In
witness whereof是法律合同用语，用于合同结尾条款，意为“特立此据。”另一个是in accordance
with，意为根据，按照，同under,pursuantto一样，都是正式用语，要比according to正式。
例四:Whereas Party B will enter into a Contract for Work with Party A for the later's air conditioning equipment，and the Parties hereto，in consideration of the mutual covenants and a- greement，do hereby agree as follows.
文中covenants是法律用词，意为legal formal agreement(法律契约),whereas也是法律用词，意为
鉴于(considering)之意。
例五:This Agreement is made by and between AA Corporation (hereinafter called Party A)
and BB Company (hereinafter called Party B) where互y the Parties hereto agree to enter into com-
pensation trade under the terms
文中whereby是法律合同用语，
例六:The contractor shall
and conditions set forth below.
意为"by the agreement" ,凭此协议。
indennify and keep indemnified the Employer aga
ages and compensation，other than those for which the Employer is lible as
inst all such dam-
aforesaid，and all
claims，proceedings，damages，costs，charges，and expenses whatsoever in respect thereof or in
relation thereto.
文中in respect thereof是正式用语，在法律文件中常常使用。表示与本合同，本协议，本条款，本文
件有关的事，要比about,Concerning,as,reguards正式。文中的另一词whatsoever，是whatever 的
强势语，也常在法律文件中使用。
总之，正式的，法律的词语是法律文件文体的需要，只有通过大量的实践，才能逐渐地掌握。此
类法律正式用词还有:
In the event that;In the event of;Provided that;Be deemed;In case;In question;Be liable
for;Known All Men by these presents;Notwithstanding;Unless other，ctc.
等等，就不在本文中累述。
三、若干语法现象
1)shall
在法律文件中shall一词用得相当多。"shall”并非单纯表示将来时，而是常常用来表示法律上
必须强制执行的义务，在译文中消译为“应”“应该”“必须”。例如:
This Contract shall be written in English in duplicate to be held each by the Parties hereto.
译文:本合同应以英文写成，一式两份，合同双方各执一份。
文中的shall一般不能用will或should来代替。"will'‘在法律文件中有时也用作承担义务，但语气
要比”shall”弱，强制力也比’'shall'‘差，在英译中时，往往译为“将”“愿”“要”，"should”在英语中可以
表示”“应该”，但在法律文件中极少有”sh ould'，表示“应该。”关于”shall”表示“应该”“必须”的概
念，在本文前面的例句中，频繁出现，学生在练习合同写作时，应正确运用，笔者就不再举例了。
2)such...as引导定语从句
我们通常用which ,who,whom, that等来引导定语从句，由于法律文件的语言要求严密，准
确，避免是是而非，造成误解除，因此常用such ......as作关系代词，引导定语从句，请看: 例一:The Engineer shall have authority to issue to the Contractor，from time to time, su些supplementary Drawings and instructions as shall be necessary for the purpose of the proper and adequate excution and completion of the Works and the remedying of any defects therein.
译文:工程师有权随时向承包人发出为合理和恰当施工、完成工程及维修缺陷所必须的补充图纸和
指令。
从文中可以看出，用such"""as来修饰supplementary Drawing and instructions要比which , that引导的定语从句来修饰严密，因为such"""as分别放在s supplementary Drawing and instruc-
lions这一需要修饰的名词词组的一前一后，把修饰范围死死地定住了。如果用which或taht 来引
导定语从句修饰前面的名词，就很不明确，到底修饰的是instructions还是Drawings and instruc-
lions两者，日后可能会引起纠纷，或许有空可钻。
例二:The Contractor shall provide on the site in connection with the execution and comple- tion of the works and the remeding of any defects therein.
(a) Only such technical assistants are skilled and experienced in their respective callings and such foreman and leading hands as are competent to give proper superintendence of the Works.
译文:承包人应为施工，完成工程及维修缺陷向现场提供
(1>在本行业中技术熟练，经验丰富的技术助理，及能对工程施工予以正确监督的监工和领班。
文中关系代词such"""as所修饰的两组名词相隔较远，于是用了两个such，出现了such"""and
such""" as的形式，分别修饰technical assistants(技术助理)和foreman and leading hands(监工和领班)，这样的语言是十分严谨的，这种严谨是法律文件所要求的。
本文只是从几年来所从事的“对外经济贸易及合同文本的写作的教学中，对合同文件语言的特
点作了些粗线条的研究归纳，更深入的研究、探讨和总结有待于在日后的教学工作中进行。参考书目:
1)世界银行贷款项目招标采购文件范本
中国财政经济出版社
2)国际招标与投标实务
中国对外经济贸易出版社
3)土木工程施工合国条件应用指南
第四章 为在平等互利的基础上发展贸易，有关方按下列条件签订本协议：This Agreement is entered into between the parties concerned on the basis of equality and mutual benefit to develop business on terms and conditions mutually agreed upon as follows: 1. 订约人Contracting Parties 供货人（以下称甲方）：销售代理人（以下称乙方）： 甲方委托乙方为销售代理人，推销下列商品。 Supplier: （hereinafter called “party A”） Agent:（hereinafter called “party B”） Party A hereby appoint Party B to act as his selling agent to sell the commodity mentioned below. 2. Commodity and Quantity: Party A hereby appoints Party B as its Sole Agent for the sale of …Party B shall undertake to sell the aforesaid commodity not less than 1,000,000m/tons in the duration of this agreement. 甲方委任乙方为某商品的独家销售代理人…乙方保证在协议期间销售上述商品不少于1000000吨。 3.经销地区Territory 只限在.....。In ... only. 4. Confirmation of Orders：The quantities, prices and dates of shipments of the shipment concerning the commodities stated in this Agreement shall be confirmed in each transaction, the particulars of which will be shown in Party A’s S/C. 协议商品的有关数量、价格和装船期，应在逐笔交易中确认，其细节详见甲方销货确认书。 5. 付款Payment
外贸合同 Contract( sales confirmation) 合同编号(Contract No.): _______________ 签订日期(Date) :＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿_ 签订地点(Signed at) :＿＿＿＿＿＿＿____ 买方：＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿The Buyer:＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ 地址：＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿Address: ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿电话(Tel):___＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿传真(Fax):＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ 电子邮箱(E-mail):＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ 卖方：＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿The Seller:＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿地址：＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿Address: ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿_＿电话(Tel):_＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿传真(Fax):＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ 电子邮箱(E-mail):＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
买卖双方同意按照下列条款签订本合同： The Seller and the Buyer agree to conclude this Contract subject to the terms and conditions stated below: 1. 货物名称、规格和质量（Name, Specifications and Quality of Commodity）： 2. 数量（Quantity）： 允许＿＿＿＿的溢短装（＿＿＿% more or less allowed） 3. 单价（Unit Price）： 4. 总值（Total Amount）： 5. 交货条件(Terms of Delivery) FOB/CFR/CIF＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ 6. 原产地国与制造商(Country of Origin and Manufacturers): 7. 包装及标准（Packing）： 货物应具有防潮、防锈蚀、防震并适合于远洋运输的包装，由于货物包装不良而造成的货物残损、灭失应由卖方负责。卖方应在每个包装箱上用不褪色的颜色标明尺码、包装箱号码、毛重、净重及“此端向上”、“防潮”、“小心轻放”等标记。 The packing of the goods shall be preventive from dampness, rust, moisture, erosion and shock, and shall be suitable for ocean transportation/ multiple transportation. The Seller shall be liable for any damage and loss of the goods attributable to the inadequate or improper packing. The measurement, gross weight, net weight and the cautions such as "Do not stack up side down", "Keep away from moisture", "Handle with care" shall be stenciled on the surface of each package with fadeless pigment. 8. 唛头（Shipping Marks）： 9. 装运期限（Time of Shipment）：
合同 CONTRACT Contract No./合同编号： Conclusion Date/签订日期： Conclusion Place/签订地点： The Saller卖方： Address:地址： Tel/电话： Fax/传真： The Buyer买方： Address:地址： Tel/电话： Fax/传真： 1. This Contract is made by a nd between the Buyer a nd the Seller; whereby the Buyer agrees to buy a nd the Seller agrees to sell the under mentioned commodities （to be referred to as “goods” hereunder）to the terms a nd conditions stipulated below: 本合同由卖方与买方共同签订，双方同意按照下列条款由卖方出售、买方购进下列货物: 2．Terms of Delivery/价格术语: FOB/CIF/CFR/ . The term FOB/CIF/CFR/ shall be subject to the International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms (INCOTERMS, 2000) provided by International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) unless otherwise stipulated herein. 除非本合同另有规定，价格术语FOB/CIF/CFR/ 应适用国际商会制定的《国际贸易术语解释通则（INCOTERMS 2000）》。 3． Country of Origin a nd Manufacturers/原产国和制造厂商 3.1 Country of Origin:
汉译英 1.卖方将尽力在交货期内包装好所有货物。 The seller will endeavor to complete all packaging within time for the delivery date. 2.买方承担在货物运输和销售中的成本和费用。32 The buyer is responsible for the costs and charges incurred in the sale and transport of the goods. 3.卖方将一次性发送货物。到交货地的运输方式将由卖方决定。33 The seller will deliver the goods in a single shipment. The mode of transport to the point of delivery is at the seller’s discretion. 4.卖方应尽一切努力启运货物以便能及时交货。 The seller will make every effort to commence transport of the goods so that they will arrive by the delivery date. 5.如果推迟交货，卖方应立即告知买方推迟交货，预定的交货期和耽搁的理由。 If there is any delay, the seller will immediately notify the buyer of the delay, the expected time for delivery, and the reason for the delay. 买方有权就新的交货日期与卖方进行重新磋商，双方将以书面形式在协议上写下所做出的修改。或者，买方有权通知卖方终止合同。 The buyer will then have the option to renegotiate with the seller for a new delivery date, which the parties will confirm in writing as a modification to this agreement, or to notify the seller that the agreement is terminated. 6.为了自己的利益，买方将为运输中的货物投保。34 The buyer will obtain and pay, on its own account, for all insurance on the goods while in transit. 7.在货物运输前，保险人将把保险证明，如保单或由保险人所出具的其他证明交给买方。 Evidence of this insurance, in the form of a copy of the policy or other statement provided by the insurer, will be provided to the buyer before the goods are shipped. 8.买卖双方为自己的利益为货物所投保的险种将由其自行负担费用。 Each party is responsible for obtaining on its own account any other insurance coverage for the goods that he may desire. 9.如果买方已向卖方付款，在货物到达纽约港时货物的所有权将转移至买方。 Title to the goods will pass to the buyer at the time the goods are delivered to New York port provided the buyer has transmitted payment to the seller by that time. 10.如果延迟装运是由于买方无法及时提供此类证据，在这种情况下，卖方不违约。 If shipment is delayed because the buyer fails to furnish such proof timely, the seller will not be deemed to have breached the contract. 11.买方同意货物被运送到美国，并同意货物不会被运往其它国家。买方也不会在货物到达美国后再出口。 The buyer covenants that the goods will be shipped to and delivered in US and that the buyer will not ship or deliver the goods to any other country, nor will the buyer re-export the goods after delivery in US. 12.买方有权在卖方的营业地检验或让其代理人检验货物。36 The buyer is entitled to inspect, or to have its agent inspect, the goods at the seller’s place of business. 13.在交货后90天内，卖方可免费为买方换任何有瑕疵的货物，由此所产生的运输费用由卖方承担。 Within 90 days after delivery, the seller will replace free of charges, including the cost of transportations, any part of the goods found defective. 14.卖方应补偿买方任何由此类诉讼所承担的责任、支付的赔偿、花费及诉讼费用。37 The seller will indemnify the buyer against any liability, damage, or expenses incurred in connection with any such suit and will pay any judgment entered against the buyer in such suit. 15.这一协议的生效条件是：买方获得美国政府部门签发的进口许可证,卖方获得中国政府部门签发的出口许可证。38 This agreement is subject to the issuance of an import license to the buyer by the appropriate agency of US government and the issuance of an export license to the seller by the appropriate agency of China government. 16.如果任何一方通知另一方不想或不能履行协议，收到通知的一方有权撤销协议。 If either party notifies the other party that it will not, or is unable to, perform this agreement the party receiving notices is entitled to cancel the agreement. 17.为了使撤销有效，撤销的一方应通知另一方协议已撤销。撤销的日期是收到不履行协议通知的日期。 To make the cancellation effective, the party seeking to cancel must give notice to the other party that the agreement is deemed canceled. The date of the cancellation will be the date on which the party receives the notice of the nonperformance.
常见英文合同翻译与详解
引子:鉴于现在对外交流事例逐渐增多,英文合同特别是经济合同的翻译愈显重要,若译文不准确或不严谨,势必会引起不必要的经济纠纷.故今以一英文(经济)合同写作书籍为蓝本,录入一些有益文字,希望大家共同提高英文(经济)合同的翻译和写作。 合同文件是合同双方签订并必须遵守的法律文件,因此合同中的语言应体现其权威性.英文合同用语的特点之一就表现在用词上,即选择那些法律用词,以及正式用词,使合同表达的意思准确无误,达到双方对合同中使用的词无可争议的程度。 一.hereby 英文释义:by means of , by reason of this 中文译词:特此,因此,兹 用法:常用于法律文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语；在条款中需要强调时也可用。 语法：一般置于主语后,紧邻主语. 例1： The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and co mpletion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other s um as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manne r prescribed by the Contract. 参考译文: 业主特此立约保证在合同规定的期限内,按合同规定的方式向承包人支付合同价,或合同规定的其它应支付的款项,以作为本工程施工、竣工及修补工程中缺陷的报酬。 注释: (1)hereby: by reason of this 特此 (2)covenant: v. make a formal agreement 立约,签订合同、条约; n. legal agreement具有法律约束的正式合同 (3)completion of the Works: 工程的竣工 (4)therein: in the Works在本工程中 (5)the Contract Price: 合同总价,指工程的总造价 (6)such...as: 关系代词,相当于that, which (7)under: in accordance with 根据,按照 (8)the provisions of the Contract: terms and conditions of the Contract合同条款 例2： We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correc t and all available information and data have been supplied herein, and that we agree to provi de documentary proof upon your request. 注释： （1）hereby：特此 （2）to the best of our knowledge：as far as we know据我们所知 （3）foregoing statement：above-mentioned statement上述声明 （4）herein：in this, in the statement在声明中 （5）documentary proof：证明文件 参考译文： 特此证明，据我们所知，上述声明内容真实，正确无误，并提供了全部现有的资料和数据，我们同意，
P-10 This Sales Contract is made by and between the Sellers and Buyers whereby the Sellers agree to sell and the Buyers agree to buy the under-mentioned goods according to the terms and conditions stipulated below: （兹经买卖双方同意由卖方出售买方购进下列货物，并按下列条款签订本合同：） (The Sellers are allowed to load 5% more or less and the price shall be calculated according to the unit price.)（卖方可多装或少装5%，价格仍按上述单价计算） 3.Insurance: To be covered by the Sellers for 110% of the invoice value against All Risks & War Risk as per the relevant O cean Marine Cargo Clauses of the People’s Insurance Company of China. If other coverage or an additional amount is required, the Buyers must have the consent of the Sellers before shipment, and the additional premium is to be borne by the Buyers. 保险：由卖方按中国人民保险公司海运输货物条款照发票金额总值110%投保一切险及战争险。如买方欲增加其他险别或超过上述保额时须于装船前征得卖方同意，所增加的保险费由买方负担。 7.Terms and Payment: The Buyers shall open with a bank acceptable to the Sellers an Irrevocable Sight Letter of Credit to reach the Sellers 30 days before the month of shipment, valid for negotiation in China until the 15th day after the month of shipment. 付款条件：买方应由卖方可接受的银行于装运月份前30天开立并送达卖方不可撤销的即期信用证，至装运月份后第15天在中国议付有效. 8. Commodity Inspection: It is mutually agreed that certificate of Quality and Weight issued by the Chinese Import and Export Commodity Inspection Bureau at the port of shipment shall be taken as the basis of delivery. 商品检验：买卖双方同意以装运口岸中国进出口商品检验局签发的品质和重量检验证书作为品质和数量的交货依据. 9.异议和索赔：买方对于装运货物的任何索赔，必须于货到目的港后30天内提出，并须提供经卖方同意的公证机构出具的检验报告，属于保险公司或轮船公司责任范围的索赔，卖方不予受理. Discrepancy and Claim: Any claim by the Buyers on the goods shipped shall be filed within 30 days after the arrival of the goods at port of destination and supported by a survey report issued by a public surveyor approved by the Sellers. Claims in respect of matters within the responsibility of the insurance company or of the shipping company will not be considered or entertained by the Sellers. 10不可抗力：如由于不可抗力的原因，致使卖方不能全部或者部分装运或延迟装运合同货物时，卖方对于这种不能装运或延迟装运不负有责任。但卖方须用传真或电传通知买方，并须在15天以内以航空挂号信件向买方提交事故发生地权威机构出具的证明此类事故的证明书。 Force majeure: If shipment of the contracted goods is prevented or delayed in whole or in part due to Force majeure, the Sellers shall not be liable for non-shipment or late shipment of the goods under this contract. However, the sellers shall notify the buyers by fax or telex and furnish the later within 15 days by registered airmail with a certificate issued by the competent authorities at the place of occurrence attesting such event or events. 11.仲裁:凡因执行本合同所发生的或于本合同有关的一切争议，双方应通过友好协商解决。如果协商不能解决时，应提交北京中国国际贸易促进委员会对外经济贸易仲裁委员会根据该会仲裁程序暂行规则进行仲裁。仲裁是终局性的，对双方都有约束力。
英文版外贸合同 Contract( sales confirmation 合同编号(Contract No.: _______________ 签订日期(Date :＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿_ 签订地点(Signed at :＿＿＿＿＿＿＿____ 买方：＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿The Buyer:＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ 地址：＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿Address: ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ 电话(Tel:___＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿传真(Fax:＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ 电子邮箱(E-mail:＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿卖方：＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿The Seller:＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿地址：＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿Address: ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿_＿电话(Tel:_＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿传真(Fax:＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ 电子邮箱(E-mail:＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿买卖双方同意按照下列条款签订本合同：
The Seller and the Buyer agree to conclude this Contract subject to the terms and conditions stated below: 1. 货物名称、规格和质量（Name, Specifications and Quality of Commodity）： 2. 数量（Quantity ）： 允许＿＿＿＿的溢短装（＿＿＿% more or less allowed） 3. 单价（Unit Price）： 4. 总值（Total Amount）： 5. 交货条件(Terms of Delivery FOB/CFR/CIF＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ 6. 原产地国与制造商 (Country of Origin and Manufacturers: 7. 包装及标准（Packing ）： 货物应具有防潮、防锈蚀、防震并适合于远洋运输的包装，由于货物包装不良而造成的货物残损、灭失应由卖方负责。卖方应在每个包装箱上用不褪色的颜色标明尺码、包装箱号码、毛重、净重及“此端向上”、“防潮”、“小心轻放”等标记。 The packing of the goods shall be preventive from dampness, rust, moisture, erosion and shock, and shall be suitable for ocean transportation/ multiple transportation. The Seller shall be liable for any damage and loss of the goods attributable to the inadequate or improper packing. The measurement, gross weight, net weight and the cautions such as "Do not stack up side down", "Keep away from moisture", "Handle with care" shall be stenciled on the surface of each package with fadeless pigment. 8. 唛头（Shipping Marks）：
商务合同英译的注意事项(实例版) 前言 英译商务合同貌似简单，实则不然。商务合同是一种特殊的应用文体，重在记实，用词行文的一大特点就是准确与严谨。 本文拟运用翻译教学中所积累的英译商务合同的实例，从三个方面论述如何从大处着眼、小处着手、力求准确严谨英译商务合同。 一、酌情使用公文语惯用副词 商务合同属于法律性公文，所以英译时，有些词语要用公文语词语、特别是酌情使用英语惯用的一套公文语副词，就会起到使译文结构严谨、逻辑严密、言简意赅的作用。但是从一些合同的英文译本中发现，这种公文语副同常被普通词语所代替，从而影响到译文的质量。 实际上，这种公文语惯用副同为数并不多，而已构词简单易记。常用的这类副词是由here、there、where等副词分别加上after、by、in、of、on、to、under、upon、with等副词，构成一体化形式的公文语副词。例如：从此以后、今后：hereafter；此后、以后：thereafter；在其上：thereonthereupon；在其下：thereunder；对于这个：hereto；对于那个：whereto；在上文：hereinabovehereinbefore；在下文：hereinafterhereinbelow；在上文中、在上一部分中：thereinbefore；在下文中、在下一部分中：thereinafter．现用两个实例，说明在英译合同中如何酌情使用上述副词。 例1：本合同自买方和建造方签署之日生效。 This Contract shall come into force from the date of execution hereof by the Buyer and the Builder. 例2：下述签署人同意在中国制造新产品，其品牌以此为合适。 The undersigned hereby agrees that the new products whereto this trade name is more appropriate are made in China. 二、谨慎选用极易混淆的词语 英译商务合同时，常常由于选同不当而寻致词不达意或者意思模棱两可，有时甚至表达的是完全不同的含义。因此了解与掌握极易混淆的词语的区别是极为重要的，是提高英译质量的关键因素之一，现把常用且易混淆的七对词语，用典型实例论述如下。 2.1 shipping advice与shipping instruction sshipping advice是“装运通知”，是由出口商(卖主)发给进口商(买主)的。然而shipping instructions则是“装运须知”，是进口商(买主)发给出口商(卖主)的。另外要注意区分 vendor(卖主)与vendee(买主)，consignor(发货人)与consignee(收货人)。上述这三对词语在英译时、极易发生笔误。 2.2abide by与comply with
对外经贸英语合同写作 第七章商品包装条款 商品包装是使用适当的材料、容器对商品进行包封、捆扎和装演的活动，具有维护商品质量、保证商品安全、便于储运和装卸、便于计量和点验商品、节省物流和降低物流成本等项职能。在商品贸易中，除少数商品不需要包装，可直接采用散装(bulk cargo,cargo in bulk）、裸装((Nude cargo)形式运输、储存外，绝大多数都需要包装。商品包装是使用适当的材料、容器对商品进行包封、捆扎和装演的活动，具有维护商品质量、保证商品安全、便于储运和装卸、便于计量和点验商品、节省物流和降低物流成本等项职能。在商品贸易中，除少数商品不需要包装，可直接采用散装、裸装形式运输、储存外，绝大多数都需要包装。包装条款（Packing Clause）一般包括包装材料（Packing materials）、包装方式（Packing style）、包装规格（Packing description）、包装标志和包装费用的负担等内容。 包装为达到坚固与耐抗的目的，应符合下列要求①减少漏损(Minimixe the leakage ＆breakage)、②耐抗各种气候(Resist the various climate condition)、③防止偷窃(Protect theft ＆piferage)。 避免出现“包装不良”(Insufficient packing) 一、包装的种类 （一）运输包装（packingfor shipment) 运输包装，又称外包装（outer packing )或大包装(big packing)。主要是用于保护商品，防止货损或货差，便于装卸搬运。运输包装分为单件运输包装和集合运输包装两类。 1.单件运输包装(single packing for shipment) 单件运输包装是指货物在运输过程中作为一个计件单位的包装。按其包装造型的不同，可分为以下几种： 1）箱装。 主要有纸箱包装、木箱包装、塑料箱包装等。箱内一般还衬用防潮纸或塑料薄膜，有时还村有锌箔( Zinclined）或锡箔(Tinlined) 。箱外通常加打包装条或塑料带。 ①箱(Case, box) c/-,c/s, bx, bxs, wooden case ②crate(crs,crts) 板条箱，柳条箱/格子箱，漏孔箱（skeleton case) ③chest(cst, csts) 茶箱 ④carton(crt,crts) 纸箱 2）捆（bale) 3) 袋装(bag) 布袋(sack，sx,sxs)、麻袋(gunny bag)、纸袋(paper bag)、塑料袋(polybag)、塑料编织袋(Plastic woven bag )、纸塑复合袋(paper plastic compound bag) 、多层塑复合袋(multi-layer composite plastic bags)等。 4)桶装(barrel)
?INTERNATIONAL SALES CONTRACT Contract No:0616 Conclusion Date: November 7th , 2009 Conclusion Place: Zhongxin digital Building,Beijing,China The Buyer: Great World Store,Newyork ,America TEL:01188745608002 The Seller:Gome Home Appliance Company, Beijing,China TEL:86-010-******** The Seller agrees to sell and the buyer agrees to buy the undermentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions stated below: (1) Name of Commodity: Haier refrigerator Product description: (a) model number:BCD—226STV (b)About the exterior appreance: total volume(L):226 power comsumption(kW.h/24h):0.6 effective area of freezer:58 effective area of variable greenhouse:43 effective area of storage room:125 dimentions(L*W*H):580*560*1786mm
英文合同翻译汇总【是栓哥呕心沥血之作吗？】来源：卢瑞的日志 一.hereby 英文释义:by means of , by reason of this 中文译词:特此,因此,兹 用法:常用于法律文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语；在条款中需要强调时也可用。 语法：一般置于主语后,紧邻主语. 例1： The Employ er hereby cov enants to pay the Contractor in conside ration of the execution and completio n of the Works and the remedy ing of defects therein the C ontract Price or such other sum as may become payable under the prov isions of the C ont ract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the C ontract. 参考译文: 业主特此立约保证在合同规定的期限内,按合同规定的方式向承包人支付合同价,或合同规定的其它应支付的款项,以作为本工程施工、竣工及修补工程中缺陷的报酬。 注释: (1)he reby: by reason of this 特此 (2)cov enant: v. make a formal agreement 立约,签订合同、条约; n. legal agreement具有法律约束的正式合同 (3)completion of the Works: 工程的竣工 (4)therein: in the Wo rks在本工程中 (5)the C ontract Price: 合同总价,指工程的总造价 (6)such...as: 关系代词,相当于that, w hich (7)under: in accordance w ith 根据,按照 (8)the prov isions of the C ontract: terms and conditio ns of the C ontract合同条款 例2： We hereby certify to the best of our know ledge that the foregoing statement is true and correct and all av ailable information and data hav e been supplied herein, and that w e agree to prov ide documentary proof upon y our request. 注释： （1）hereby：特此 （2）to the best of our know ledge：as far as w e know据我们所知 （3）foregoing statement：abov e-mentioned statement上述声明 （4）herein：in this, in the statement在声明中 （5）documentary proof：证明文件 参考译文： 特此证明，据我们所知，上述声明内容真实，正确无误，并提供了全部现有的资料和数据，我们同意，应贵方要求出具证明文件。 例3： This C ontract is hereby made and concluded by and betw een C o. (hereinafter referred to as Party A) and C o. (hereinaft er referred to as Party B) on (Date), in (Place), C hina, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through amic able consultation. 注释： （1）hereby：特此 （2）hereinafter referred to as Party A：以下称甲方 （3）on the principle of equality and mutual benefit：在平等互利基础上 （4）through amicable consultation：通过友好协商 参考译文：
合同与合同英语教学大纲 一、课程名称：合同与合同英语 二、教学目的与教学要求： 本课程以课文教学为主，辅以适量的事例和案例研究与讨论，重点在于向学生介绍国际商业交易合同、行业术语、不同合同的基本条款等，使学生能够用较清晰的文字翻译简单的中英文合同。通过学习，学生应该重点掌握国际贸易合同的内容、用词特点、文体特色，并能掌握一些中英文合同翻译的基本策略和技巧。更高层次的目标是要是学生能够独立起草和翻译规范的合同文本，为从事外贸及涉外业务打下良好的基础。 三、课程必备知识： 先修课程：商务英语、国际贸易、国际贸易实务、外贸英语函电等课程 四、学时：34 五、学分：2 六、课程性质：选修课 七、使用教材与教材内容简介： 《合同与合同英语》，戚云方著，浙江大学出版社，2004年8月出版。 第一章概论Introductory 第二章合同Contract 第一节合同的含义(Concept of Contract) 第二节合同的内容(Contents of Contract) 第三节合同的条件(Basics of Contract) 第四节合同的分类(Classification of Contract) 第五节合同的结构(Structure of Contract) 第三章合同的起草Drafting a Contract 第一节注意事项(Some Hints in Drafting) 第二节起草合同(How to Draft) 第三节合同当事人(Parties Concerned) 第四节合同签订的日期与地点(Signing Date and Address 第五节合同语言(Contract Language)