1066
A turning point in U.K. history
•Review •Invaders Influence
• Iberians - Nothing • Celts,Gaels, Britons - Irish,Scottish,Welsh culture and language • Romans - Alphabet, Roman civilization, Christianity • Anglo-Saxons - English race and language • Danes - New dialects • Normans (France) - French language
• 1.4 The Vikings and Danish Invasions • Norwegian Vikings and the Danes • Also called Norsemen • The word „Viking“ means „Pirate raid“ • From the end of the 8th century
• On October, 14, 1066, the English army led by King Harold and the army of William, Duke of Normandy, clashed in a hard-fought battle near Hastings. Anglo-Saxon England perished. William was crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey.
• 1.1.2 The Celts • 700 BC • From France, Belgium and southern Germany • Practiced farmers and ironworkers • Ancestors of Highland Scots, Irish, Welsh • Their languages are the basis of Welsh and Gaelic
• Saint Joan of Arc
• (1412 –1431) also known as the Maid of Orleans, is a national heroine of France and a Catholic saint. A peasant girl born in eastern France, she led the French army to several important victories during the Hundred Years' War. She was captured by the English, tried by an ecclesiastical court, and burned at the stake when she was nineteen years old.
• Both Anglo-saxons and the Danes were Nordic groups, which shared a kinship and common customs. King Afred the Great persuaded the Danes to become Christians.
• Alfred the Great • was king of Wessex from 871 to 899. Alfred is noted for his defence of the kingdom against the Danish Vikings, becoming the only English king to be awarded the epithet "the Great". Alfred was the first King to style himself "King of the English". Alfred was a learned man, and encouraged education and improved his kingdom's law system as well as its military • structure.
• 2. The Making of a Nation: from the Norman Conquest to the Renaissance • (Norman and Plantagenet na Carta – The Great Council of barons forced King John to sign the Magna Carta limiting his power • The King could not levy extra taxes without people' s consent • King could not change laws • If King refused to obey laws, the vassals could resort to civil war • Freedom of trade and self-government to townspeople • Beginning of civil rights • First step towards constitutional government
the Viking invading Age
• from the Scandinavian countries, Norway and Denmark in particular • Danes and the Danelaw • The Vikings established small kingdoms in England. The territory ruled by the Danes was called Danelaw.
• 1. 2 Roman Britain (55BC—410AD) • British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. • Julius Caesar, invaded Britain in 55 BC and he returned the following year. But he did not really rule the island. • The successful invasion, headed by the Emperor Claudius, came in AD 43. They ruled Britain for four centuries.
Statue of Alfred the Great, Winchester
• 1.5 The Norman Conquest (1066) • When King Edward was on his deathbed, four men laid claim to the English throne. And one of them was the duke of Normandy.
• 2.4 Richard II (1377-1399): the cause of the War of the Roses (1455-1485) • (Lancastrian and Yorkist Houses) • Lancastrians: red rose as the symbol • Yorkists: white rose as the symbol • Fighting for the throne in England • Many nobles killed • Henry VII strengthened his claim to the throne by marrying Elizabeth, a daughter of Yorkist Edward IV. The union of the two houses ended the war.
• The Romans built a network of towns and a network of roads. From London, roads radiated all over the country. They also brought the new religion, Christianity. They pulled out in AD 410. • The Roman impact on the Britons was surprisingly limited. They left behind only roads, a few place names, and clusters of Christian converts.
• 1.3 The Anglo-Saxons (446-871) • From mid-5th century • Three Teutonic tribes: Jutes, Saxons, Angles from Denmark and Germany • They were invited to drive out Celts, but after that they settled down and established their own kingdoms. • The name England comes • from the words "Angle land".
• 2.3 The Hundred Years’ War with France (1337-1453) • Reasons: territorial and economic • Edward III claimed the French crown in 1337. • By 1453, France had won back their land (with gunpowder) except for city of Calais.