本科生毕业论文（设计）册
学院外国语学院
专业英语翻译
班级 2009级机器翻译班
学生 XXX
指导教师 XXX XXXX大学本科毕业论文（设计）任务书
编号：
论文（设计）题目：词块理论视角下英文商务合同的翻译
学院：外国语学院专业：机器翻译班级： 2009级机器翻译
学生姓名： XXX 学号： XXXX 指导教师： XXX 职称：讲师
1、论文（设计）研究目标及主要任务
本论文的研究目标是研究词块翻译法在商务英语合同翻译过程中的优点和作用。其主要任务是研究词块现象及其在商务英语合同中翻译过程中的应用。
2、论文（设计）的主要内容
本论文分为五章，第一章介绍论文的写作目的及意义，第二章介绍词块理论，第三章介绍商务英语合同的翻译，第四章研究词块理论在商务英语合同的翻译中的应用，最后一章总结本研究的主要发现。
3、论文（设计）的基础条件及研究路线
本论文的基础条件是不同学者在词块理论和商务英语合同翻译方面的研究结果。
研究路线是在在词块理论视角下研究商务英语合同的翻译。
4、主要参考文献
Lewis, M. 1993. The lexical approach, [M].Hove England: Language Teaching Publication
Wray. 2002. A Formulaic Language and the Lexicon[M].Cambridge University Press.
原萍. 2010. 语块与二语口语流利性的相关性研究[J].《外语界》.
杨玉晨. 1995. 英语表达选词错误分析［J］.外语教学（2）：82-86.
教师：年月日
教研室主任：年月日
注：一式三份，学院（系）、指导教师、学生各一份
XXXX大学本科生毕业论文（设计）开题报告书
外国语学院机器翻译专业 2013 届
XXXX大学本科生毕业论文（设计）评议书
XXXX大学本科生毕业论文（设计）文献综述
本科生毕业论文设计
题目词块理论视角下英文商务合同的翻译
作者姓名XXX
指导教师XXX
所在学院外国语学院
专业（系）机器翻译
班级（届）2009级
完成日期 2013 年 5 月 6 日
Translation of English Business Contract from the Perspective of Lexical Chunk Theory
By
XXX
Prof. XXX, Tutor
A Thesis Submitted to Department Of English
Language and Literature in Partial
of the Requirements for the Degree of B.A in English
at XXX University
May 6th , 2013
鉴于词块学习对于语言习得的关键作用及商务英语合同的实际使用价值，研究商务英语合同中的词块现象及其使用特征变得尤为重要。然而，以往的研究大多侧重于词块理论的发展。关于特殊用途英语中词块使用的研究，尤其是在商务英语合同中的使用，还是一个较新的领域。
本文基于前人的研究成果，对词块本身的特点和商务英语合同的用词特点进行了剖析，并依照商务合同翻译的原则，探讨词块翻译法在商务英语合同翻译过程中的优点和作用。
关键词：词块，商务合同，翻译
iii
Considering the key role of lexical chunk to language acquisition and the practical value of English business contract, it becomes increasingly important to study the lexical chunk in English business contracts. However, previous studies mostly focus on the development of the theory. The study on the use of lexical chunk in English for special purposes, especially in the English Business contract is still a relatively new field.
On the basis of the results of previous studies, this thesis will analyze the features of lexical chunk and language features of the English business contracts. And then this thesis will discuss the advantages and functions of applying lexical chunk theory to the translation of the English business contract in accordance with principles of translation.
Key words: lexical chunk, English business contract, translation
iv
Table of Contents
Chapter One Introduction (1)
Chapter Two Overview of Lexical Chunk theory (3)
2.1 Research on Lexical Chunk (3)
2.1.1 Overseas Research on Lexical Chunk (3)
2.1.2 Domestic Research on Lexical Chunk (5)
2.1.3 The possibility of applying lexical chunk to business contract translation (5)
2.2 Classification of Lexical Chunk (6)
2.2.1 Poly-Words (6)
2.2.2 Institutionalized Expressions (6)
2.2.3 Phrasal Constraints (6)
2.2.4 Sentence Builders (7)
2.3 The Function of Lexical Chunk (7)
2.3.1 Improvement of Language Vividness (7)
2.3.2 Improvement of Comprehension Accuracy (7)
2.3.3 Improvement of Fluency of Language Output (8)
Chapter Three Overview of Business Contract Translation (9)
3.1 General introduction of English business contract (9)
3.1.1 Definition of Business Contract (9)
3.1.2 Classification of Business Contract (9)
3.1.3 Structure of English business contract (10)
3.2 Language Features of the English Business Contracts (10)
3.2.1 Lexical features (10)
3.2.2 Syntactic features (13)
3.2.3 Textual Features (14)
3.3 Principles of English business contract translation (14)
3.3.1Faithfulness and Accuracy (14)
3.3.2 Unity and Normativity (15)
3.3.3 Fluency (15)
Chapter Fourth Application of Lexical Chunk Theory to English (16)
Business Contract Translation (16)
4.1 Lexical Chunk in English Business Contract (16)
4.1.1 The Cause of The Formation (16)
4.1.2 The Classification of Lexical Chunk in Business English (16)
4.1.3 Features of Lexical Chunk in Business Contract (17)
4.2 Application of Lexical Chunk Theory to Business Contract Translation (17)
4.2.1 The advantage of applying Lexical Chunk to English Business Contract
Translation (18)
4.2.2 Translation of Long Sentences in Business Contract (19)
Chapter Five Conclusion (21)
Bibliography (22)
v
Chapter One Introduction
1.1 Research background of the study
With the rapid development of economic globalization, business activities between countries grows gradually. As a result, business English, as a kind of English for special purpose, plays an increasingly important role in the field of world trade, exchange and cooperation. Business English translation includes the translation of business letters, agreements and contracts, legal documents, and other official documents. In the process of foreign trade and economic cooperation, after both parties reaching agreements through negotiation or consultation, they have to sign a formal written documents, that is contract. Contract has become an important part in economic life. It guarantees the normal process of the whole trading activity, acting as a clear basis of the rights and obligations of both sides, providing trading guidelines for the conduct of two parties, serving as basis in solving dispute.
While business contract is an important part of business English, it also is most professional and most demanding in accuracy. So, the translation of business contract puts forward higher requirement on translator. Although more and more people are engaged in business english translation in domestic, more and more problems are also exposed in the process of translation practice. Therefore, the study of English contract translation is an urgent task for translators.
1.2 Purpose and significance of the study
As English business contracts are drafted and applied more frequently in international business activities and the translation of them is an urgent task, the systematical research and analysis of English business contract translation becomes necessary. Many studies about contract translation have been done and many methods have been put forward. But as can be seen from the current research status, the studies are primarily on the lexical, syntactic, and grammatical plane, and the method of research adopted is the traditional grammar-based one.
Many translators used to find the exact equivalents of Chinese expressions from their minds, and then put them together one by one to form a whole sentence. Consequently, the grammar of their composition is always correct, but the compositions themselves are still inaccurate and awkward to read. Translator can hardly achieve the proficiency of language if they just simply count on using grammar and single vocabulary.
During the past four decades, generative linguists represented by Chomsky have conducted many researches by stressing on the creativity of language. As a result, linguists mainly concern about syntax and then put forward grammar-based translation method. But the learners still have problem in using the language properly and fluently.
When it comes to the lexical chunk approach, it meets the need of both competence and performance of language, for ignoring neither linguistic ability nor pragmatic ability. It would be difficult to use language like native speakers, just depending on grammar and single words. But idiomaticity can be achieved by lexical chunks stored as a whole. According to the previous studies, lexical chunks are crucial for language comprehension. So more attention should be given to the research of lexical chunks.
Lexical Chunk theory is an important constituent in the linguistics that is tremendously influential in the modern linguistic world and has been widely applied to the study of translation by both western and Chinese scholars. With the application of Lexical Chunk theory into business contract translation practice, it is conducive to realize the information equivalence and stylistic equivalence between the original and the translation and the accuracy of business contract translation. This thesis is intended to apply this theory to contract translation for a more comprehensive and penetrating study in an attempt to generate some new revelations on the subject.
This thesis will analyze the features of lexical chunk and language features of the English business contracts, and then will discuss the advantages and function of applying lexical chunk theory to the translation of the English business contract in accordance with the principles of translation.
1.3 Layout of the thesis
This thesis is divided into five chapters as follows:
The first chapter is the introduction, with three sections including “Background of the study, Purpose and significance of the study and layout of the thesis”.
The second chapter is the overview of lexical chunk theory, including the definition of lexical chunk and overseas and domestic research actuality, classification of lexical chunk, and the function of lexical chunk.
The third chapter is the overview of business contract translation, mainly about characteristics and translation of English business contract, and it is divided into three parts, first is the general introduction of English business contract, and the second is the distinctive language features of English business contract and the third is principles of English business contract translation.
The fourth chapter discusses the application of lexical chunk theory to English business contract translation. It is divided into two parts, the first is about the advantages of applying lexical chunk to English business contract translation, and the second part illustrates the application of lexical chunk theory to English business contract translation by some examples with analysis.
The last chapter is the conclusion which briefly summarizes the main finding of the study, states the limitation of the study and puts forward suggestion for translators.
Chapter Two Overview of Lexical Chunk theory
2.1 Research on Lexical Chunk
During the recent decades, Lexical chunk theory has gained academic recognition and is receiving more and more attention. It has become a hot topic among researchers. Many linguists have carried out researches on lexical chunk. There are several different perspectives to understand the concept. Becker(1975) and Michael Lewis(1993) view it from the syntactics. Alison Wray(2000) view it from
psycholinguistics, and Biber (2004：376) view it from corpus linguistics. The details
are as follows.
2.1.1 Overseas Research on Lexical Chunk
The study on lexical chunk among the overseas linguists and scholars are earlier than that in the domestic.
Becker first put forward the concept of prefabricated phrase. He believes that : the memorizing, storage, output and usage of human language does not take the single word as unit, but those fixed or half-fixed patterned idiosyncratic chunks.(Becker, 1975)
Michael Lewis published The lexical approach(1993) which have laid theoretical basis for lexical chunk teaching method and brought much attention to the effect of lexical chunk. Lewis(1993) believed that: language does not consist of grammar and vocabulary as traditionally thought, but is composed by multi-words prefabricated chunks which locate in a generative continuum and are the original figure for people to understand linguistic patterns, and an important part of language acquisition is the understanding and output of these unanalyzable lexical chunks. (LEWIS M. 1993:89-95)
Nattinger&DeCarrico(1992) put forward the concept of lexical phrases and believe that: the language fluency largely depends on the amount of lexical chunks stored in human brain. Nattinger defines lexical chunk as follows: multi-word lexical phenomena that exists somewhat between the traditional poles of lexicon and syntax , conventionalized form /function composites that occur more frequently and have more idiomatically determined meaning than language that is put together each time.(Nattinger&DeCarrico. 1992.)
Rosamund Moon defined Lexical Chunk as:
"A multi- word chunk is a vocabulary chunk which is composed by a sequence of two or more words. This sequence of words syntactically
and/or semantically forms a inseparable and meaningful unit." (Rosamund
Moon. 1998.)
Alison Wray(2002) thinks lexical chunk as:
A sequence, continuous or discontinuous, of words or other
elements, which is, or appears to be, prefabricated: that is, stored and
retrieved whole from memory at the time of use, rather than being subject
to generation or analysis by the language grammar.(Wray.2002)
2.1.2 Domestic Research on Lexical Chunk
Chinese researchers have began to study lexical chunk since 1990s, and they specially focus on the lexical chunk acquisition of second language learners. In recent years, more and more papers and monographs are published in domestic. Lexical chunk has become a hot topic for the field of linguistics.
The focus on lexical chunk began from Yang Yuchen(1995) and earlier researches combined overseas theories and domestic language teaching. She thinks: lexical chunk is composite of discourse function and meaning. It is the basic unit that form discourse and limited by discourse.(杨玉晨.1999.)
Through collecting three-word chunks in native language writing and comparing its structure, Ma Guanghui found, in second language timed writing, the distribution of target chunks are apparently different to the distribution in native language. He defined lexical chunk as: a smallest combination in form and meaning that can be used to form a sentence and realizes certain function in grammar, discourse and pragmatics. (马广惠. 2009)
When using lexical chunk method in the teaching of English listening, it can be found that the listening ability of students will be improved. And there is a positive corelation between chunk teaching and listening teaching.(李欧，孙若红. 2009) In the teaching of oral English, the lexical chunk can help to promote the easy, fluency and idiomaticity of language production. In other words, there is a positive corelation between the use of lexical chunk and oral English fluency.(原萍. 2010 (1).)
2.1.3 The possibility of applying lexical chunk to business contract translation
Although currently there is no agreement on the definition of lexical chunk, it can conclude from the opinions stated above that lexical chunk refers to a special multi-word lexical phenomenon which exists between vocabulary and syntax. It is a linguistic unit larger than word and smaller than sentence. Because of its difference to fixed idiom, these chunks can be analyzed by syntactic rule, while because of its frequency and validity of usage, they usually are used or memorized as a word or a unit.
Both domestic researches and overseas researches prove the important role of lexical chunk in English acquisition and application. It can not only improve the fluency and accuracy when learners use English, but also reduce, even avoid, some possible mistakes learners may make. So considering the key role of lexical chunk in language acquisition and practical application, in order to improve the accuracy, fluency and validity of business contract translation, the lexical chunk theory can be introduced into the study and practice of business contract translation.
2.2 Classification of Lexical Chunk
Classification of lexical chunk is a difficult thing. Different expert and scholars have different standard for the classification. There are several representative ways.
Pawley & Synder (1983) sort out four division according to the cohesive function of chunks in text, including poly-words, institutionalized expressions, phrasal constraints and sentence builders.
Lewis(1993) takes lexical chunks into four divisions in accordance with the semantic relations and syntactic features within the vocabulary. First are words and poly-words which refer to traditional vocabulary. The form is single word and the latter is fixed phrase composed by more than one word. The second are collocations or word partnerships which refer to the word combinations appearing at a high frequency. The third are institutionalized utterances or fixed expressions. The fourth are sentences frames and heads which refer to chunks that are scalable and have a fixed form.
Nattinger and DeCarrico(1992) put forward four types of lexical chunks. Lexical chunks in business English can be classified according to this standard. So they can also be divided into four type as follows.
2.2.1 Poly-Words
The first are poly-words which refer to short phrases performing similar function to single word. They have no variability, such as in the word, by the way, as usual, face to face interview, heavy traffic and so on.
2.2.2 Institutionalized Expressions
The second are institutionalized expressions which refer to fixed or semi-fixed word combinations with pragmatic function. It can be a whole sentence or the fixed beginning of sentence, including proverbs, communicative language, warnings, sets of words in foreign trade and any other chunks that the speakers find efficient to be stored in memory as a whole to use directly for quotation, such as " no parking", "according to", "no pains, no gains", "nice to meet you", "Take care", "Pardon?"," I beg your pardon?", " I’m sorry, but I don’t agree", " In my opinion, I am afraid (not)" , "Good luck on your journey". .
2.2.3 Phrasal Constraints
The third are phrasal constraints which refer to phrases in short or medium length. Part of the phrase can be substituted by other words and they contain according grammar structure. For example, the structure of "the…,the…"can generate "the larger, the better".
2.2.4 Sentence Builders
The fourth are sentence builders which refer to a semi-fixed sentence structure. They are high variable. Words, phrases and clauses can be filled into the structure. For example, there may be many possibilities of the contents in the structure of "it is reported that……", " As far as I am concerned ,……" , "on one hand……, on the other hand……".
As can be seen from the above classifications, lexical chunks are different from idioms and free expressions. The structure of idioms does not allow any change, thus there is no space for creativity. Free expression is a kind of temporary combination, lack of predictability, and is not easy to well master. Lexical chunk is semi-fixed expression, just in between the two poles. So if a word sequence appears frequently in the same form, with a relatively stable structure and specific range in the pragmatic function and meaning, it will eventually be seen as a conventional lexical chunk. In addition, from the listed classification, a notable feature can be seen: from the lexical level to the sentence layer, the space can provide pragmatic change growing larger. It can be said that grasping and applying these chunks is crucial to improve the ability of business English contract translation.
2.3 The Function of Lexical Chunk
As mentioned that grasping and applying lexical chunks is crucial to improve the ability of business English contract translation. In this part, the effect of lexical chunk on business contract translation will be specified.
2.3.1 Improvement of Language Vividness
Many researches on application of English show that poor vocabulary is an important factor contributing to the difficulties for learners in using foreign language. There are many problems in English writing, such as verbal sterility, the language failing to express the idea, sentence structure monotonous, which is mainly caused by the lack of vocabulary. Therefore, learners should strengthen the accumulation and use of lexical chunks. To memorize lexical chunks will help improve the efficiency of vocabulary learning, because the lexical chunks are a series of linguistic elements that are ready constructed and stored in the learner's brain. Therefore, the use of lexical chunks can help learners to produce more accurate, more complex and more fluent discourse, as well as improve the richness and vividness output of language.
2.3.2 Improvement of Comprehension Accuracy
Lexical Chunk teaching method will help to overcome the negative transfer of the mother tongue. Negative Transfer of Mother Tongue is one of the main obstacles to affect Chinese students to improve their English. Because the output of the
language is both language activity and the thinking activity, in the process of using English, whether the choice of words or layout of text is subject to interference of the mother tongue. There always exist some differences between their own expression and the expression of the native speakers. Due to the lexical chunk's features of overall storage and retrieval, when using them, the learner do not need to produce sentence according to the rules of grammar temporarily, but just to rebuild or partly replace these chunks. This allows learners to be accustomed to the native speaker's way of thinking and idiomatic expressions from the outset and reduce the negative transfer of the mother tongue, at the same time, helping to develop students' way of thinking in English and making language output more authentic and more accurate.
2.3.3 Improvement of Fluency of Language Output
Nattinger & DeCarrico (1992) believe the degree of fluency when people use language depends on the number of generative grammar rules stored in the learner's brain, rather the number of stored prefabricated chunks. 90 percent of the natural discourses are realized by the semi-fixed prefabricated chunks. Due to chunks are the institutionalized expressions formed in the use of language, the users can output them fluently without knowing its internal structure. They can be rapidly extracted to use as a whole, greatly reducing the brain's pressure of language encoding, and thus the outputting fluency can be extremely improved. In addition, many researches show that the high fluency of language output allows users to produce a sense of accomplishment, and thus greatly enhance the confidence of students in English communication.
1.Sales Agreement The agreement, (is) made in Beijing this eighth day of August 1993 by ABC Trading Co., Ltd., a Chinese Corporation having its registered office at Beijing, the People’ Repubic of China (hereinafter called “Seller”) and International Tradi ng Co., Ltd., a New York Corporation having its registered office at New York, N.Y., U.S.A. (hereinafter called “Buyer”). 2.WITNESSETH WHEREAS, Seller is engaged in dealing of (product) and desires to sell (product)to Buyer, and WHEREAS, Buyer desires to purchase(product) from Sellers, Now, THEREFORE, it is agreed as follows: 3.Export Contract This Contract is entered into this 5th day of August 1993 between ABC and Trading Co., Ltd. (hereinafter called “Seller”) who agrees to sell, and XYZ Trading Co., Ltd. (hereinafter called “Buyer”) who agrees to buy the following goods on the following terms and condition. 4.Non-Governmental Trading Agreement No. ＿＿This Agreement was made on the＿day of＿19＿, BETWEEN ＿ (hereinafter referred to as the Seller) as the one Side and ＿ (hereinafter referred to as the Buyer) as the one other Side. WHEREAS, the Seller has agreed to sell and the buyer has agreed to buy ＿ (hereinafter referred to as the Goods ) the quantity, specification, and price of which are provided in Schedule A. IT IS HEREBY AGREED AS FOLLOWS: 5.Contract For Joint-Operation Enterprise ＿＿ COMPANY LTD., a company duly organized under the Law of ＿＿ and having its registered office at (hereinafter called “Party A”) AND ＿＿ COMPANY LTD., a company duly organized under the Law of ＿＿ and having its registere d office at (hereinafter called “Party B”) Party A and Party B (hereinafter referred to as the “Parties”) agree to jointly form a Co-operation Venture Company (hereinafter referred to as the “CVC”) in accordance with “the Laws of the People’s Republic of C hina on Joint Ventures Using Chinese and Foreign Investment” and the “Regulations for the Implementation of the Laws of the People’s Republic of China on Joint Ventures Using Chinese and Foreign Investment” and other applicable laws and regulations. 6.MODEL CONTRACT Contract No. Date: Seller: Signed at: Address: Cable Address: Buyer: Address: Cable Address: The Seller and the Buyer have agreed to conclude the following transactions according to the terms and conditions stipulated below: http://biz.doczj.com/doc/831554548.html, of Commodity: 2.Specifications: 3.Quantity: 4.Unit Price: 5.Total Price: U.S.$: 6.Packing: 7.Time of Shipment: days after receipt of L/C. 8.Loading Port & Destination Port: From via to . 9.Insurance:
【摘要】商务合同是商业法人之间为实现一定的经济目的、明确相互权利义务的一种文体。商务合同英语属半法律性语言，用词准确、正式、严谨，具有鲜明文体意义。本文基于典型实例分析，探讨了商务英文合同的词汇特征及翻译方法。 【关键词】商务英文合同词汇特征翻译 商务合同是商品经济的产物，它随着商品经济的产生而产生，也随着商品经济的发展而发展，是商品交换关系在法律上的体现，受到国家法律的承认和保护。在世界经济全球化和一体化的今天，国际商务活动日益频繁，贸易国法人之间为实现一定的经济利益而签订的明确规定了贸易双方的权利和义务，具有法律效力的文件——国际商务合同的重要性也越来越突出。商务合同英语既具有商务英语的特点，同时也具有法律英语的特点。本文拟从庄重正式、准确严谨和简洁明了三个角度阐述分析商务英文合同的词汇特征及其翻译方法。 一、庄重正式 Martin Joos按照语言使用的正式程度提出了英语的五种变体，即庄重文体(frozen style)，正式文体(formal style)，商议文体（consultative style），随便文体(casual style)和亲密文体(intimate style)。一般认为商务合同英语属庄重文体，即五种变体英语中正式程度最高的一种。商务英文合同的庄重正式的词汇特征体现在专业术语和外来词古体词的使用上。 1.商务专业术语 专业术语(technical term留学生论文网http://biz.doczj.com/doc/831554548.html, s)具有鲜明的文体特色。其意义精确、单一、无歧义，且不带有个人感情色彩。为了准确描述商务活动中的各个交易环节以及与此相关的各类单据，商务合同英语文体中使用了大量表意清楚的商务专业术语。例如，policy（保险单），negotiable（可转让的），liability（责任、义务），right of recourse （追索权），factoring（保理）等。这些专业术语可避免冗长的解释，简化交易过程，提高工作效率。 2.法律专业术语 为了准确描述商务活动中交易双方各自的权利与义务，商务合同英语中也使用了较多的法律专业的术语。狭义的法律术语指仅出现在或大多数情况下出现在法律文件中的法律科学的特有术语，此意义上的法律术语在商务合同文体中的数量不多，如：imputed negligence (转嫁的过失责任)特指可向与行为人有利害关系的人或有合同关系的另一方追究责任的过失。商务合同中这类狭义的法律专业术语不以大众是否理解或接受为转移，它是商务合同语言准确表达的保障，是其独有的现象。而广义的法律术语则包括在法律文体中被赋予特定法律意义的常用词语，如action(诉讼)，party(当事人)，financial responsibility(经济责任，指违约责任，具体可指“赔偿损失”、“支付违约金”和“支付迟延支付金额的利息”)。这类词语把握不准确的话很容易导致翻译和理解当中的模糊性，因此要格外留意。如，“The contract is concluded in case of acceptance of the offer.”很容易译为“提议一旦接受，合同随即订立。”而实际上，“acceptance”与“offer”是合同法中两个重要的法律术语，其规范的译文分别为“承诺”、“要约”，前者是指受要约人对要约内容表同意，而后者则指一方希望与另一方订立合同。 3.外来词和古体词 商务合同英语中使用的商务类专业术语有不少源于拉丁语或法语，有些则是由其词根派生或合成，许多术语都有相同的前缀或后缀。它们的意义比较稳定，利于精确地表达概念，例如：ad valorem duty (拉丁语)从价(关)税，bona fide holder (拉丁语)汇票的善意持票人，pro rata tax rate比例税率(拉丁语，即proportional tax rate)，insurance premium per capita (拉丁语)人均保险费，force majeure(法语)不可抗力，pro forma (拉丁语)估算表。
汉译英 1.卖方将尽力在交货期内包装好所有货物。 The seller will endeavor to complete all packaging within time for the delivery date. 2.买方承担在货物运输和销售中的成本和费用。32 The buyer is responsible for the costs and charges incurred in the sale and transport of the goods. 3.卖方将一次性发送货物。到交货地的运输方式将由卖方决定。33 The seller will deliver the goods in a single shipment. The mode of transport to the point of delivery is at the seller’s discretion. 4.卖方应尽一切努力启运货物以便能及时交货。 The seller will make every effort to commence transport of the goods so that they will arrive by the delivery date. 5.如果推迟交货，卖方应立即告知买方推迟交货，预定的交货期和耽搁的理由。 If there is any delay, the seller will immediately notify the buyer of the delay, the expected time for delivery, and the reason for the delay. 买方有权就新的交货日期与卖方进行重新磋商，双方将以书面形式在协议上写下所做出的修改。或者，买方有权通知卖方终止合同。 The buyer will then have the option to renegotiate with the seller for a new delivery date, which the parties will confirm in writing as a modification to this agreement, or to notify the seller that the agreement is terminated. 6.为了自己的利益，买方将为运输中的货物投保。34 The buyer will obtain and pay, on its own account, for all insurance on the goods while in transit. 7.在货物运输前，保险人将把保险证明，如保单或由保险人所出具的其他证明交给买方。 Evidence of this insurance, in the form of a copy of the policy or other statement provided by the insurer, will be provided to the buyer before the goods are shipped. 8.买卖双方为自己的利益为货物所投保的险种将由其自行负担费用。 Each party is responsible for obtaining on its own account any other insurance coverage for the goods that he may desire. 9.如果买方已向卖方付款，在货物到达纽约港时货物的所有权将转移至买方。 Title to the goods will pass to the buyer at the time the goods are delivered to New York port provided the buyer has transmitted payment to the seller by that time. 10.如果延迟装运是由于买方无法及时提供此类证据，在这种情况下，卖方不违约。 If shipment is delayed because the buyer fails to furnish such proof timely, the seller will not be deemed to have breached the contract. 11.买方同意货物被运送到美国，并同意货物不会被运往其它国家。买方也不会在货物到达美国后再出口。 The buyer covenants that the goods will be shipped to and delivered in US and that the buyer will not ship or deliver the goods to any other country, nor will the buyer re-export the goods after delivery in US. 12.买方有权在卖方的营业地检验或让其代理人检验货物。36 The buyer is entitled to inspect, or to have its agent inspect, the goods at the seller’s place of business. 13.在交货后90天内，卖方可免费为买方换任何有瑕疵的货物，由此所产生的运输费用由卖方承担。 Within 90 days after delivery, the seller will replace free of charges, including the cost of transportations, any part of the goods found defective. 14.卖方应补偿买方任何由此类诉讼所承担的责任、支付的赔偿、花费及诉讼费用。37 The seller will indemnify the buyer against any liability, damage, or expenses incurred in connection with any such suit and will pay any judgment entered against the buyer in such suit. 15.这一协议的生效条件是：买方获得美国政府部门签发的进口许可证,卖方获得中国政府部门签发的出口许可证。38 This agreement is subject to the issuance of an import license to the buyer by the appropriate agency of US government and the issuance of an export license to the seller by the appropriate agency of China government. 16.如果任何一方通知另一方不想或不能履行协议，收到通知的一方有权撤销协议。 If either party notifies the other party that it will not, or is unable to, perform this agreement the party receiving notices is entitled to cancel the agreement. 17.为了使撤销有效，撤销的一方应通知另一方协议已撤销。撤销的日期是收到不履行协议通知的日期。 To make the cancellation effective, the party seeking to cancel must give notice to the other party that the agreement is deemed canceled. The date of the cancellation will be the date on which the party receives the notice of the nonperformance.
1.Sales Agreement The agreement, (is) made in Beijing this eighth day of August 1993 by ABC Trading Co., Ltd., a Chinese Corporation having its registered office at Beijing, the People’ Repubic of China (hereinafter called “Seller”) and International Trading Co., Ltd., a New York Corporation having its registered office at New York, N.Y., U.S.A. (hereinafter called “Buyer”). 2.WITNESSETH WHEREAS, Seller is engaged in dealing of (product) and desires to sell (product)to Buyer, and WHEREAS, Buyer desires to purchase(product) from Sellers, Now, THEREFORE, it is agreed as follows: 3.Export Contract th This Contract is entered into this 5 day of August 1993 between ABC and Trading Co., Ltd. (hereinafter called “Seller”) who agrees to sell, and XYZ Trading Co., Ltd. (hereinafter called “Buyer”) who agrees to buy the following goods on the following terms and condition. 4.Non-Governmental Trading Agreement No. ＿＿ This Agreement was made on the＿day of＿ 19＿, BETWEEN ＿(hereinafter referred to as the Seller) as the one Side and ＿ (hereinafter referred to as the Buyer) as the one other Side. WHEREAS, the
商务合同英译的注意事项（实例版） 、尸■、亠 前言 英译商务合同貌似简单，实则不然。商务合同是一种特殊的应用文体，重在记实，用词行文的一大特点就是准确与严谨。 本文拟运用翻译教学中所积累的英译商务合同的实例，从三个方面论述如何从大处着眼、小处着手、力求准确严谨英译商务合同。 一、酌情使用公文语惯用副词 商务合同属于法律性公文，所以英译时，有些词语要用公文语词语、特别是酌情使用英语惯用的一套公文语副词，就会起到使译文结构严谨、逻辑严密、言简意赅的作用。但是从一些合同的英文译本中发现，这种公文语副同常被普通词语所代替，从而影响到译文的质量。 实际上，这种公文语惯用副同为数并不多，而已构词简单易记。常用的这类副词是由here、there、where 等副词分别加上after、by、in、of、on、to、under、upon、with 等副词，构成一体化形式的公文语副词。例如：从此以后、今后：hereafter; 此后、以后：thereafter ;在其上：there on thereup on ; 在其下：thereunder; 对于这个：hereto; 对于那个：whereto ;在上文： here in abovehere in before ;在下文：herei nafterherei nbelow ;在上文中、在上一部分中：thereinbefore ;在下文中、在下一部分中：thereinafter.现用两个实例，说明在英译合同中如何酌情使用上述副词。 例1：本合同自买方和建造方签署之日生效。 This Contract shall come into force from the date of execution hereof by the Buyer andthe Builder. 例2：下述签署人同意在中国制造新产品，其品牌以此为合适。 The undersigned hereby agrees that the new products whereto this trade name is moreappropriate are made in China. 二、谨慎选用极易混淆的词语
商务合同英译的注意事项(实例版) 前言 英译商务合同貌似简单，实则不然。商务合同是一种特殊的应用文体，重在记实，用词行文的一大特点就是准确与严谨。 本文拟运用翻译教学中所积累的英译商务合同的实例，从三个方面论述如何从大处着眼、小处着手、力求准确严谨英译商务合同。 一、酌情使用公文语惯用副词 商务合同属于法律性公文，所以英译时，有些词语要用公文语词语、特别是酌情使用英语惯用的一套公文语副词，就会起到使译文结构严谨、逻辑严密、言简意赅的作用。但是从一些合同的英文译本中发现，这种公文语副同常被普通词语所代替，从而影响到译文的质量。 实际上，这种公文语惯用副同为数并不多，而已构词简单易记。常用的这类副词是由here、there、where等副词分别加上after、by、in、of、on、to、under、upon、with等副词，构成一体化形式的公文语副词。例如：从此以后、今后：hereafter；此后、以后：thereafter；在其上：thereonthereupon；在其下：thereunder；对于这个：hereto；对于那个：whereto；在上文：hereinabovehereinbefore；在下文：hereinafterhereinbelow；在上文中、在上一部分中：thereinbefore；在下文中、在下一部分中：thereinafter．现用两个实例，说明在英译合同中如何酌情使用上述副词。 例1：本合同自买方和建造方签署之日生效。 This Contract shall come into force from the date of execution hereof by the Buyer and the Builder. 例2：下述签署人同意在中国制造新产品，其品牌以此为合适。 The undersigned hereby agrees that the new products whereto this trade name is more appropriate are made in China. 二、谨慎选用极易混淆的词语 英译商务合同时，常常由于选同不当而寻致词不达意或者意思模棱两可，有时甚至表达的是完全不同的含义。因此了解与掌握极易混淆的词语的区别是极为重要的，是提高英译质量的关键因素之一，现把常用且易混淆的七对词语，用典型实例论述如下。 2.1 shipping advice与shipping instruction sshipping advice是“装运通知”，是由出口商(卖主)发给进口商(买主)的。然而shipping instructions则是“装运须知”，是进口商(买主)发给出口商(卖主)的。另外要注意区分 vendor(卖主)与vendee(买主)，consignor(发货人)与consignee(收货人)。上述这三对词语在英译时、极易发生笔误。 2.2abide by与comply with
编号：_______________本资料为word版本，可以直接编辑和打印，感谢您的下载 合作协议(中英文翻译) 甲方：___________________ 乙方：___________________ 日期：___________________ 说明：本合同资料适用于约定双方经过谈判、协商而共同承认、共同遵守的责任与 义务，同时阐述确定的时间内达成约定的承诺结果。文档可直接下载或修改，使用 时请详细阅读内容。
Technical Cooperation Agreement 甲方：XX油脂化学有限公司 Party A: XX Grease Chemical Co. , Ltd. 地址：XX高新技术工业园 Address: XXHigh-tech Industrial Park 法定代表人：XXX Legal Representative: XXX 乙方： Party B: 地址： Address: 本协议合作双方就组建技术研发团队事项，经过平等协商，在真实、充分地 表达各自意愿互惠互利的基础上，根据《中华人民共和国合同法》的规定，达成如下协议，并由合作各方共同恪守。 This Agreement, concerning the setting up of a technical research and development team, is made according to the Contract Law of PRC regulations and entered into through equal negotiation by both Parties as the free and full expression of their own wishes to mutual benefits, and to this end both Parties shall abide by this Agreement as following. 第一条、甲方同意雇用乙方为新产品研发技术顾问。乙方同意为甲方提供技术顾问服务。 Article 1: Party A hereby agrees to employ party B as the technical consultant for the new product research and development. Party B hereby agrees to offer technical consultation service to Part A. 第二条、甲方同意每月支付乙方的研究费用，包括：薪资、办公费、检测费、差旅费以及其他相关费用。 Article 2: Party A hereby agrees to pay Party B for the research each month, including salaries, administrative expenses,detection cost, traveling expenses and other cost associated. 第三条、乙方有责任为甲方提供相关国内外技术及市场信息，并及时答复甲方技术上所遇到的问题。 Article 3 : Party B is responsible to provide relevant technical and market information home and abroad and is ready to answer any technical problem frequently asked by Party A. 第四条、乙方有义务向甲方提供有关个人简历和相关证明材料，甲方要尊重乙方个人隐私，有义务妥善保管相关材料。 Article 4: Party B shall has the obligation to provide Party A with any relevant personal resume and reference documents as necessary.Party A shall respect the personal privacy of Party B and has the obligation to properly keep those materials. 第五条、乙方同意所研发的产品所有知识产权归甲方所有，乙方不得将相关技术信息泄露给任何第三方，否则需要承担一切法律后果。
翻译服务协议书 甲方：__________________________________________________ 乙方：__________________________________________________ 依据《中华人民共和国合同法》规定，本着诚实信用、平等互利的原则，甲乙双方就甲方资料翻译服务一事，达成协议如下: 第一条：翻译内容 乙方将甲方提供的文件中的英文翻译为中文；具体文件以甲方给乙方的纸质文件或者电子版文件为准。 乙方应保证翻译人员的专业性和翻译稿件的准确性，认真做好翻译校对工作； 乙方按照甲方的文件格式进行排版，最终翻译稿以电子文件的方式提供给甲方。 乙方应保证其翻译稿件质量：忠实原文、译文准确。 第二条：翻译期限及费用 计价方式：按照翻译完成的中文（字符数不计空格）进行计价。 本次翻译单价为，翻译费总金额为：元整。 翻译文件的交稿期限为：年月日。 甲方在签订合同当日支付翻译预付款元。 交稿时付清其余所有款项即元。甲方向乙方开具正式发票。 第三条：责任条款 如因甲方原因推迟提供给乙方翻译稿件或翻译的相关资料时间，受到的损失甲方承担。 甲方如对乙方译稿有异议，甲方有权在取稿之日起30日内，向乙方提出书面修改意见，乙方
应按甲方要求在规定的时间内免费进行修改，直至甲方满意为止。 如乙方在翻译质量和完成工期方面不符合合同要求，甲方有权中止合同并视为乙方违约，乙方应退还甲方预付款，另外赔偿甲方预付款的作为违约金。 在乙方无违约的状况下，甲方应按约定及时付款，否则乙方有权要求甲方支付延迟付款天数乘以翻译费用总额作为赔偿；翻译进行过程中，如甲方提出中止翻译，预付金不予退回并按照已翻译文件比例支付相应翻译费。 第四条：其他条款 乙方应考虑甲方翻译内容的保密性。另签署的保密协议作为本协议的一部分，具有法律效力。 本协议未尽之事，双方协商解决； 本协议一式二份，传真件有效，甲乙双方各执一份，自双方盖章之日起一年内有效。 甲方（盖章）：乙方（盖章）： 负责人（签字）：负责人（签字）： 联系电话：传真：联系电话： 地址：地址： 签字日期：年月日签字日期：年月日
常见英文合同翻译与详解
引子:鉴于现在对外交流事例逐渐增多,英文合同特别是经济合同的翻译愈显重要,若译文不准确或不严谨,势必会引起不必要的经济纠纷.故今以一英文(经济)合同写作书籍为蓝本,录入一些有益文字,希望大家共同提高英文(经济)合同的翻译和写作。 合同文件是合同双方签订并必须遵守的法律文件,因此合同中的语言应体现其权威性.英文合同用语的特点之一就表现在用词上,即选择那些法律用词,以及正式用词,使合同表达的意思准确无误,达到双方对合同中使用的词无可争议的程度。 一.hereby 英文释义:by means of , by reason of this 中文译词:特此,因此,兹 用法:常用于法律文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语；在条款中需要强调时也可用。 语法：一般置于主语后,紧邻主语. 例1： The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and co mpletion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other s um as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manne r prescribed by the Contract. 参考译文: 业主特此立约保证在合同规定的期限内,按合同规定的方式向承包人支付合同价,或合同规定的其它应支付的款项,以作为本工程施工、竣工及修补工程中缺陷的报酬。 注释: (1)hereby: by reason of this 特此 (2)covenant: v. make a formal agreement 立约,签订合同、条约; n. legal agreement具有法律约束的正式合同 (3)completion of the Works: 工程的竣工 (4)therein: in the Works在本工程中 (5)the Contract Price: 合同总价,指工程的总造价 (6)such...as: 关系代词,相当于that, which (7)under: in accordance with 根据,按照 (8)the provisions of the Contract: terms and conditions of the Contract合同条款 例2： We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correc t and all available information and data have been supplied herein, and that we agree to provi de documentary proof upon your request. 注释： （1）hereby：特此 （2）to the best of our knowledge：as far as we know据我们所知 （3）foregoing statement：above-mentioned statement上述声明 （4）herein：in this, in the statement在声明中 （5）documentary proof：证明文件 参考译文： 特此证明，据我们所知，上述声明内容真实，正确无误，并提供了全部现有的资料和数据，我们同意，
编号： TRANSLATION AGREEMENT(翻译合同英 文版) 甲方： 乙方： 签订日期：年月日
合同签订注意事项 一、甲乙双方应保证向对方提供的与履行合同有关的各项信息真实、有效。 二、甲乙双方签订本合同书时，凡需要双方协商约定的内容，经双 方协商一致后填写在相应的空格内。 三、签订本合同书时，甲方应加盖公章；法定代表人或主要负责人应本人签字或盖章；乙方应加盖公章；法定代表人或主要负责人应本人 签字或盖章。 四、甲乙双方约定的其他内容，合同的变更等内容在本合同内填写不下时，可另附纸。 五、本合同应使钢笔或签字笔填写，字迹清楚，文字简练、准确，不得涂改。 关键词：英文版;合同;TRANSLATION;AGREEMENT
Party A:_________ Address:_________ Party B:_________ Address:_________ Both parties of Party A and Party B have signed the Translation Service Contract based on the principle of friendly cooperation and mutual development. The artic les are as follows: 1.Party A entrusts Party B with the translation ser vice. Party A shall provide legible documents in time a nd give clear requirements and control the translation quality of Party B. 2.Party B shall complete the translation work in ti me and deliver the translation by printed hard copy and a relevant disk within the agreed date （with the exce ption of the delay caused by Force Majeure）. Details a bout the delivery time will be discussed between the tw o parties. For the urgent request， the delivery time w ill be discussed accordingly between the two parties. 3.Party B shall keep confidentiality of any documen ts provided by Party A and can not disclose to the thir
英文合同翻译： (1)hereby: by reason of this 特此 (2)covenant: v. make a formal agreement 立约,签订合同、条约; n. legal agreement具有法律约束的正式合同 (3)completion of the Works: 工程的竣工 (4)therein: in the Works在本工程中 (5)the Contract Price: 合同总价,指工程的总造价 (6)such...as: 关系代词,相当于that, which (7)under: in accordance with 根据,按照 (8)the provisions of the Contract: terms and conditions of the Contract合同条款 （1）hereby：特此 （2）to the best of our knowledge：as far as we know据我们所知 （3）foregoing statement：above-mentioned statement上述声明 （4）herein：in this, in the statement在声明中 （5）documentary proof：证明文件 （1）hereby：特此 （2）hereinafter referred to as Party A：以下称甲方 （3）on the principle of equality and mutual benefit：在平等互利基础上 （4）through amicable consultation：通过友好协商 （1）this agreement is hereby made and entered into：特此订立本协议 在法律文件中表示“订立本协议”可用以下4个动词：sign (make, conclude or enter into) this agreement, 按照同义词连用的写作特点，可用上述4个动词中的两个来表示）。 （2）hereinafter referred to as Party B：以下简称乙方 （1） Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not：不论港口习惯是否与本款规定相反，whether… or not：不论……是否 （2） the owner of the goods：货方 （3） without interruption：无间断地 （4） carrier：承运人 （5） in default on the provisions hereof：违反本款规定 hereof：of this Clause （1） foreign trade dealers：对外贸易经营者 （2） as mentioned in this Law：本法所称 （3） the provisions hereof：the provisions of this Law 本法规定 （4） legal entity：法人 （5） be engaged in foreign trade dealings：从事对外贸易经营活动 （1）a limited liability company：有限责任公司 （2）a company limited by shares：股份有限公司 （3）provisions hereof：本法规定 hereof: of this Law （4）may be registered as：登记为 （1） as a result of withdrawal or any other reasons：回避或者其它原因 （2） arbitrator：仲裁员