有关商务雇佣合同中条款的解释及翻译
商务雇佣合同中条款的解释
1、Flex time An arrangement where employees can choose which hours they work, subject to company approval.
2、Overtime Any work done outside of normal working hours. Usually compensated at 1.5 times the regular salary (time and a half). Some companies pay at twicethe regular salary (double time).
3、Shift work Staffing arrangement at companies that must operate around the clock. Typically 2 (12-hour) or 3 (8-hour) daily shifts.
4、Piece work Work that is compensated for by each unit (piece) completed.
5、Salary / Wage Salary is a fixed weekly/monthly income. Wage is an hourly income.
6、Paid vacation A yearly allowance of getting paid for time off. Varies according to seniority and position.
7、Sick day s A benefit whereby employees get paid when they can’t work due to illness.
8、Personal days Unpaid time off due to personal reasons.
9、Statutory holidays Government-mandated legal days off.
10、Probation Period of time for a company to evaluate employees before hiring them as permanent staff.
11、Medical plan A medical insurance policy paid by the company as
an employee benefit.Coverage varies between companies.
12、Pension plan/401K A fund built with regular contributions by employees and employer to givean employee a regular income (reduced, based on age and length of service)on retirement.
13、Insurance Any plan whereby employees are covered when they can’t work. It can be medical, dental, disability, life, etc.
14、Leave of absence Unpaid time off, on a long-term basis, requested by an employee and
approved by the company.
15、Maternity leave Unpaid time off before and after childbirth. Length of time varies. At somecompanies, the husband can get this also!
16、Day care A company service to help parents take care of young children while they work. May or may not be funded (partially or completely) by the company.
参考译文：
1、弹性工作时间在公司同意的情况下，员工可以自由安排工作时间的工作制。
2、加班在正常工作时间外做的工作。通常以高出正常工资1.5倍的加班费予以补偿。有些公司支付两倍（双薪）。
3、换班/倒班在必须24小时工作的公司中的员工工作安排。典型的是两班倒（12小时）或三班倒（8小时）。
4、计件工作以完成的件数计算工资。
5、薪水月薪/周薪，每月或每周的固定收入。时薪是每小时的收入。
6、带薪假期一年一次的放假期间支付工资的员工福利。根据级别和职位时间长短有所不同。
7、病假因生病而不能上班照常支付工资的员工福利。
8、私假因个人原因请假没有工资。
9、法定假日政府规定的放假日。
10、试用期在成为正式员工前，公司测试员工的阶段。
11、医疗计划作为员工福利的一部分，由公司为员工支付的医疗保险计划。覆盖范围因公司而异。
12、退休金计划由雇主和雇员共同出资建立的基金，给退休员工定期收入（根据年龄和服务年限，收入标准不同）。
13、保险当员工不能工作时享受的保险计划。可以是医疗保险、牙科保险、残疾保险、寿险等。
14、休假根据员工要求，公司批准的长期的无薪假期。
15、产假在小孩出生前后的无薪假期。时间不定。在一些公司丈夫也可以得到产假。
16、日托公司提供的帮助父母在他们工作时照顾年幼孩子的服务。可能由公司出部分或全部资金
1.Sales Agreement The agreement, (is) made in Beijing this eighth day of August 1993 by ABC Trading Co., Ltd., a Chinese Corporation having its registered office at Beijing, the People’ Repubic of China (hereinafter called “Seller”) and International Tradi ng Co., Ltd., a New York Corporation having its registered office at New York, N.Y., U.S.A. (hereinafter called “Buyer”). 2.WITNESSETH WHEREAS, Seller is engaged in dealing of (product) and desires to sell (product)to Buyer, and WHEREAS, Buyer desires to purchase(product) from Sellers, Now, THEREFORE, it is agreed as follows: 3.Export Contract This Contract is entered into this 5th day of August 1993 between ABC and Trading Co., Ltd. (hereinafter called “Seller”) who agrees to sell, and XYZ Trading Co., Ltd. (hereinafter called “Buyer”) who agrees to buy the following goods on the following terms and condition. 4.Non-Governmental Trading Agreement No. ＿＿This Agreement was made on the＿day of＿19＿, BETWEEN ＿ (hereinafter referred to as the Seller) as the one Side and ＿ (hereinafter referred to as the Buyer) as the one other Side. WHEREAS, the Seller has agreed to sell and the buyer has agreed to buy ＿ (hereinafter referred to as the Goods ) the quantity, specification, and price of which are provided in Schedule A. IT IS HEREBY AGREED AS FOLLOWS: 5.Contract For Joint-Operation Enterprise ＿＿ COMPANY LTD., a company duly organized under the Law of ＿＿ and having its registered office at (hereinafter called “Party A”) AND ＿＿ COMPANY LTD., a company duly organized under the Law of ＿＿ and having its registere d office at (hereinafter called “Party B”) Party A and Party B (hereinafter referred to as the “Parties”) agree to jointly form a Co-operation Venture Company (hereinafter referred to as the “CVC”) in accordance with “the Laws of the People’s Republic of C hina on Joint Ventures Using Chinese and Foreign Investment” and the “Regulations for the Implementation of the Laws of the People’s Republic of China on Joint Ventures Using Chinese and Foreign Investment” and other applicable laws and regulations. 6.MODEL CONTRACT Contract No. Date: Seller: Signed at: Address: Cable Address: Buyer: Address: Cable Address: The Seller and the Buyer have agreed to conclude the following transactions according to the terms and conditions stipulated below: http://biz.doczj.com/doc/858711328.html, of Commodity: 2.Specifications: 3.Quantity: 4.Unit Price: 5.Total Price: U.S.$: 6.Packing: 7.Time of Shipment: days after receipt of L/C. 8.Loading Port & Destination Port: From via to . 9.Insurance:
【摘要】商务合同是商业法人之间为实现一定的经济目的、明确相互权利义务的一种文体。商务合同英语属半法律性语言，用词准确、正式、严谨，具有鲜明文体意义。本文基于典型实例分析，探讨了商务英文合同的词汇特征及翻译方法。 【关键词】商务英文合同词汇特征翻译 商务合同是商品经济的产物，它随着商品经济的产生而产生，也随着商品经济的发展而发展，是商品交换关系在法律上的体现，受到国家法律的承认和保护。在世界经济全球化和一体化的今天，国际商务活动日益频繁，贸易国法人之间为实现一定的经济利益而签订的明确规定了贸易双方的权利和义务，具有法律效力的文件——国际商务合同的重要性也越来越突出。商务合同英语既具有商务英语的特点，同时也具有法律英语的特点。本文拟从庄重正式、准确严谨和简洁明了三个角度阐述分析商务英文合同的词汇特征及其翻译方法。 一、庄重正式 Martin Joos按照语言使用的正式程度提出了英语的五种变体，即庄重文体(frozen style)，正式文体(formal style)，商议文体（consultative style），随便文体(casual style)和亲密文体(intimate style)。一般认为商务合同英语属庄重文体，即五种变体英语中正式程度最高的一种。商务英文合同的庄重正式的词汇特征体现在专业术语和外来词古体词的使用上。 1.商务专业术语 专业术语(technical term留学生论文网http://biz.doczj.com/doc/858711328.html, s)具有鲜明的文体特色。其意义精确、单一、无歧义，且不带有个人感情色彩。为了准确描述商务活动中的各个交易环节以及与此相关的各类单据，商务合同英语文体中使用了大量表意清楚的商务专业术语。例如，policy（保险单），negotiable（可转让的），liability（责任、义务），right of recourse （追索权），factoring（保理）等。这些专业术语可避免冗长的解释，简化交易过程，提高工作效率。 2.法律专业术语 为了准确描述商务活动中交易双方各自的权利与义务，商务合同英语中也使用了较多的法律专业的术语。狭义的法律术语指仅出现在或大多数情况下出现在法律文件中的法律科学的特有术语，此意义上的法律术语在商务合同文体中的数量不多，如：imputed negligence (转嫁的过失责任)特指可向与行为人有利害关系的人或有合同关系的另一方追究责任的过失。商务合同中这类狭义的法律专业术语不以大众是否理解或接受为转移，它是商务合同语言准确表达的保障，是其独有的现象。而广义的法律术语则包括在法律文体中被赋予特定法律意义的常用词语，如action(诉讼)，party(当事人)，financial responsibility(经济责任，指违约责任，具体可指“赔偿损失”、“支付违约金”和“支付迟延支付金额的利息”)。这类词语把握不准确的话很容易导致翻译和理解当中的模糊性，因此要格外留意。如，“The contract is concluded in case of acceptance of the offer.”很容易译为“提议一旦接受，合同随即订立。”而实际上，“acceptance”与“offer”是合同法中两个重要的法律术语，其规范的译文分别为“承诺”、“要约”，前者是指受要约人对要约内容表同意，而后者则指一方希望与另一方订立合同。 3.外来词和古体词 商务合同英语中使用的商务类专业术语有不少源于拉丁语或法语，有些则是由其词根派生或合成，许多术语都有相同的前缀或后缀。它们的意义比较稳定，利于精确地表达概念，例如：ad valorem duty (拉丁语)从价(关)税，bona fide holder (拉丁语)汇票的善意持票人，pro rata tax rate比例税率(拉丁语，即proportional tax rate)，insurance premium per capita (拉丁语)人均保险费，force majeure(法语)不可抗力，pro forma (拉丁语)估算表。
商务合同英译的注意事项(实例版) 前言 英译商务合同貌似简单，实则不然。商务合同是一种特殊的应用文体，重在记实，用词行文的一大特点就是准确与严谨。 本文拟运用翻译教学中所积累的英译商务合同的实例，从三个方面论述如何从大处着眼、小处着手、力求准确严谨英译商务合同。 一、酌情使用公文语惯用副词 商务合同属于法律性公文，所以英译时，有些词语要用公文语词语、特别是酌情使用英语惯用的一套公文语副词，就会起到使译文结构严谨、逻辑严密、言简意赅的作用。但是从一些合同的英文译本中发现，这种公文语副同常被普通词语所代替，从而影响到译文的质量。 实际上，这种公文语惯用副同为数并不多，而已构词简单易记。常用的这类副词是由here、there、where等副词分别加上after、by、in、of、on、to、under、upon、with等副词，构成一体化形式的公文语副词。例如：从此以后、今后：hereafter；此后、以后：thereafter；在其上：thereonthereupon；在其下：thereunder；对于这个：hereto；对于那个：whereto；在上文：hereinabovehereinbefore；在下文：hereinafterhereinbelow；在上文中、在上一部分中：thereinbefore；在下文中、在下一部分中：thereinafter．现用两个实例，说明在英译合同中如何酌情使用上述副词。 例1：本合同自买方和建造方签署之日生效。 This Contract shall come into force from the date of execution hereof by the Buyer and the Builder. 例2：下述签署人同意在中国制造新产品，其品牌以此为合适。 The undersigned hereby agrees that the new products whereto this trade name is more appropriate are made in China. 二、谨慎选用极易混淆的词语 英译商务合同时，常常由于选同不当而寻致词不达意或者意思模棱两可，有时甚至表达的是完全不同的含义。因此了解与掌握极易混淆的词语的区别是极为重要的，是提高英译质量的关键因素之一，现把常用且易混淆的七对词语，用典型实例论述如下。 2.1 shipping advice与shipping instruction sshipping advice是“装运通知”，是由出口商(卖主)发给进口商(买主)的。然而shipping instructions则是“装运须知”，是进口商(买主)发给出口商(卖主)的。另外要注意区分 vendor(卖主)与vendee(买主)，consignor(发货人)与consignee(收货人)。上述这三对词语在英译时、极易发生笔误。 2.2abide by与comply with
来件装配合同 ABC Electronic Industries Ltd. (hereinafter called Party A) 12/15, Nishi 1-chome, Tokyo, Japan and Guangzhou Electronic Industries, Ltd. (hereinafter called Party B) 5, Beijing Road, Guangzhou, China have mutually agreed that Party A entrusts Party B with the manufacturing of transistor radios in Guangzhou with all necessary parts and components supplied by Party A under the terms and conditions specified as follow: http://biz.doczj.com/doc/858711328.html,modity and Quantities for Assembling http://biz.doczj.com/doc/858711328.html,modity: transistor radios b.Quantity: 500000sets in total 2.Parts and components either to be supplied by Party A or to be purchased in Guangzhou by Party B are as per the list attached. 3.The assembling charge for each model is as follow: a.6-transistor set at US $0.50 each b.8-transistor set at US $0.60 each c.9-transistor set at US $0.65 each d.10-transistor set at US $0.70 each e.11-transistor set at US $0.75 each f.12-transistor set at US $0.80 each g.14-transistor set at US $0.90 each 4. a. The main parts, consumption articles and components required for assembling will be sent in time to Guangzhou by Party A and if there is any shortage of , or damage to these parts and components, Party A shall be responsible for supplying replacement. b.Party A shall pay Party B by opening an irrevocable L/C covering the full amount of assembling charges and costs of parts, consumption articles and components purchased in Guangzhou by Party B, one month before the shipment of the finished products concerned. c.Party B shall complete the manufacturing of all transistor radios and effect shipment within the time mutually agreed unless some unforeseen circumstances beyond control have occurred. 5.The Damage Rate of Parts and Components The damage rate of parts and components in assembling is 3%, and such a rate of loss of parts and components shall be supplied free by Party A. in case of the damage rate exceeds 3%, Party B shall provide at its own expense for the excessive damage to parts and components needed for assembling. 6.Parts and components supplied by Party A for transistor radios shall be assembled by Party B strictly according to the design specified by party A without making alteration. 7.Technical Service Party A agrees to dispatch technicians to Guangzhou to help training technicians of Party B at the request of the latter at any time an allows the said technicians to remain with Party B for inspection of finished products.
合同条文翻译 第七部分格式条款 一、服务合同格式条款 Section 11 - Communications And Payments 11.1 Checks will be made payable to: “【name 】”and sent to: 【address 】 Attention: Institution Tax Identification Number: 11.2 Any notice required or permitted hereunder shall be in writing and shall be deemed given as of the date it is: (a) delivered by hand; (b) by overnight or next day delivery; (c) received by Registered or Certified Mail, postage prepaid, return receipt requested; or (d) received by facsimile, as can be presumptively demonstrated by return fax or letter demonstrating successful facsimile transmission; and addressed to the party to receive such notice at the address(es) and/or facsimile telephone number(s) set forth below, or such other address as is subsequently specified to the notifying party by the receiving party in writing. If to COMPANY: 【name 】 【address 】 Telephone: Facsimile: If to ABC: 【name 】 【title 】 【address 】 Telephone: Facsimile: With a copy to: General Counsel 【ABC 】 【address 】 Telephone: Facsimile: 第十一条通讯和付款 11.1 支票应当支付给：（名称）并送交至： 地址： 联系人： 单位税号： 11.2 本协议项下所有通知应当以书面形式为之，并且在下列情况下视为已经交付：(a) 专人递送；(b) 经由隔日送达业务递送；(c) 由挂号邮件或保证邮件方式接受，邮资预付，需要回执；(d) 由传真接收，并回传真或信函证明已经成功发送；通知应当按照下列地址或者
1.Sales Agreement The agreement, (is) made in Beijing this eighth day of August 1993 by ABC Trading Co., Ltd., a Chinese Corporation having its registered office at Beijing, the People’ Repubic of China (hereinafter called “Seller”) and International Trading Co., Ltd., a New York Corporation having its registered office at New York, N.Y., U.S.A. (hereinafter called “Buyer”). 2.WITNESSETH WHEREAS, Seller is engaged in dealing of (product) and desires to sell (product)to Buyer, and WHEREAS, Buyer desires to purchase(product) from Sellers, Now, THEREFORE, it is agreed as follows: 3.Export Contract th This Contract is entered into this 5 day of August 1993 between ABC and Trading Co., Ltd. (hereinafter called “Seller”) who agrees to sell, and XYZ Trading Co., Ltd. (hereinafter called “Buyer”) who agrees to buy the following goods on the following terms and condition. 4.Non-Governmental Trading Agreement No. ＿＿ This Agreement was made on the＿day of＿ 19＿, BETWEEN ＿(hereinafter referred to as the Seller) as the one Side and ＿ (hereinafter referred to as the Buyer) as the one other Side. WHEREAS, the
商务合同英译的注意事项（实例版） 、尸■、亠 前言 英译商务合同貌似简单，实则不然。商务合同是一种特殊的应用文体，重在记实，用词行文的一大特点就是准确与严谨。 本文拟运用翻译教学中所积累的英译商务合同的实例，从三个方面论述如何从大处着眼、小处着手、力求准确严谨英译商务合同。 一、酌情使用公文语惯用副词 商务合同属于法律性公文，所以英译时，有些词语要用公文语词语、特别是酌情使用英语惯用的一套公文语副词，就会起到使译文结构严谨、逻辑严密、言简意赅的作用。但是从一些合同的英文译本中发现，这种公文语副同常被普通词语所代替，从而影响到译文的质量。 实际上，这种公文语惯用副同为数并不多，而已构词简单易记。常用的这类副词是由here、there、where 等副词分别加上after、by、in、of、on、to、under、upon、with 等副词，构成一体化形式的公文语副词。例如：从此以后、今后：hereafter; 此后、以后：thereafter ;在其上：there on thereup on ; 在其下：thereunder; 对于这个：hereto; 对于那个：whereto ;在上文： here in abovehere in before ;在下文：herei nafterherei nbelow ;在上文中、在上一部分中：thereinbefore ;在下文中、在下一部分中：thereinafter.现用两个实例，说明在英译合同中如何酌情使用上述副词。 例1：本合同自买方和建造方签署之日生效。 This Contract shall come into force from the date of execution hereof by the Buyer andthe Builder. 例2：下述签署人同意在中国制造新产品，其品牌以此为合适。 The undersigned hereby agrees that the new products whereto this trade name is moreappropriate are made in China. 二、谨慎选用极易混淆的词语
CHAPTER SECTION SUBSECTION 的翻译 一、英汉法律翻译中的“条”、“款”、“项”、“目” 一般意义上而言，在英文中能够表达法律中“条款”之类的词汇大概有：article; section; subsection; paragraph; subparagraph; item; clause; rule; regulation; provision，以及stipulation等等 （1）关于“article”一词的翻译。将article一词译为“条”，争议不大。例如，《美利坚合众国宪法》（THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA，1789）共有“7条”（seven articles）。再如，世界贸易组织《中 华人民共和国加入议定书》（Protocol on the Accession of People’s Republic of China）中文译本也将“article”译为“条”。 根据美国权威的《布莱克法律字典》（Black’s Law Dictionary. Garner, 1999:106）,Article: A separate and distinct part (as a clause or stipulation) of a writing, esp. in a contract, statute, or constitution. 再如，美国《法律词典》（A Dictionary of the Law. Clapp, 2000:36），Article: Subdivision of a written instrument; particularly ① a subdivision of a statute or constitution, usually subdivided into sections. ② one of the items or clauses in a contract, treaty, or other agreement. 从以上两本比较权威的工具书对Article的释义来看，“Article”是宪法、制 定法、或合同中“单独的，显著的部分”。所以，将之译为我国法律条文中的“条”是合适的。 “Article”与“Articles”的区别：“Articles”应译为“条例”。例如，在 《美国宪法》之前颁布的《邦联和永久联合条例》（Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union）,这一宪法性文件直接称自己为“Articles”,不过，我们仍 将该“条例”中的具体的13个“Article”译为“条”。 （2）关于section一词的翻译主要有两种观点。第一种观点：“section”应译 为“条”或者“节”，而绝不可以译为“款”。如陈忠诚先生在其力作《汉英-英汉法律用语辩证词典》中讲“以个人有限的认识而论，在英美有以‘article’称‘条’的，也有以‘section’称‘条’的。以‘article’译‘条’为常，以 ‘section’译‘节’为常。……而未见有以‘section’译‘款’的”（陈忠诚，2000：604）。第二种观点：“section”可译为“款”。 本文作者认为，section一词在英汉法律英语翻译中，通常译为“节”，也 可以译为“条”，极少数情形下可译为“款”。 把Section译为“节”，是因为“section”这一概念有时很大，它比“article”（条）还大，若译为“款”、“项”、“目”过小，译为“章”、“编”则又过大。例如，在《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》（Agreement on
编号：_______________本资料为word版本，可以直接编辑和打印，感谢您的下载 合作协议(中英文翻译) 甲方：___________________ 乙方：___________________ 日期：___________________ 说明：本合同资料适用于约定双方经过谈判、协商而共同承认、共同遵守的责任与 义务，同时阐述确定的时间内达成约定的承诺结果。文档可直接下载或修改，使用 时请详细阅读内容。
Technical Cooperation Agreement 甲方：XX油脂化学有限公司 Party A: XX Grease Chemical Co. , Ltd. 地址：XX高新技术工业园 Address: XXHigh-tech Industrial Park 法定代表人：XXX Legal Representative: XXX 乙方： Party B: 地址： Address: 本协议合作双方就组建技术研发团队事项，经过平等协商，在真实、充分地 表达各自意愿互惠互利的基础上，根据《中华人民共和国合同法》的规定，达成如下协议，并由合作各方共同恪守。 This Agreement, concerning the setting up of a technical research and development team, is made according to the Contract Law of PRC regulations and entered into through equal negotiation by both Parties as the free and full expression of their own wishes to mutual benefits, and to this end both Parties shall abide by this Agreement as following. 第一条、甲方同意雇用乙方为新产品研发技术顾问。乙方同意为甲方提供技术顾问服务。 Article 1: Party A hereby agrees to employ party B as the technical consultant for the new product research and development. Party B hereby agrees to offer technical consultation service to Part A. 第二条、甲方同意每月支付乙方的研究费用，包括：薪资、办公费、检测费、差旅费以及其他相关费用。 Article 2: Party A hereby agrees to pay Party B for the research each month, including salaries, administrative expenses,detection cost, traveling expenses and other cost associated. 第三条、乙方有责任为甲方提供相关国内外技术及市场信息，并及时答复甲方技术上所遇到的问题。 Article 3 : Party B is responsible to provide relevant technical and market information home and abroad and is ready to answer any technical problem frequently asked by Party A. 第四条、乙方有义务向甲方提供有关个人简历和相关证明材料，甲方要尊重乙方个人隐私，有义务妥善保管相关材料。 Article 4: Party B shall has the obligation to provide Party A with any relevant personal resume and reference documents as necessary.Party A shall respect the personal privacy of Party B and has the obligation to properly keep those materials. 第五条、乙方同意所研发的产品所有知识产权归甲方所有，乙方不得将相关技术信息泄露给任何第三方，否则需要承担一切法律后果。
文档来源为 :从网络收集整理.word 版本可编辑 .欢迎下载支持. 商务合同翻译案例 一、理论、方法与技巧 翻译方法的学习 ,英汉语言特点的对比,商务术语的理解等等。 英语合同的特点与翻译 在英语中，合同一般称为Contract 。何谓“ Contract”年?1999中国《合同法》第二条对Contract 定义为： A contract in this Law refers to an agreement establishing ，modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subject of equal footing ， that is，between natural persons legal persons or other organizations. 根据这一定义，合同平等主体之间设立的确 定民事权利和义务的协议。Steven H.Gifts 编著的“ LawDictionary 中将” contract 定义为“ contract is a promise or a set of promises ，for breach of which the law gives remedy ，or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty.根据这一定义，合同”是一种 承诺，违反承诺可以得到法律救济，某种意义上法律将履行该承诺看成是一种救济。L.L.B Curzon 在其编纂的字典“ A Dictionary of Law给contract” 的定义：“ Contract is a legally binding agreement. 根”据这一定义，合同就是有法律约束力的协议。总而言之，合同类法律文件用以 规定当事人的权利与义务，是预防与解决争议的依据。 一、用词特点与翻译要点 合同英语的用词极其考究，具有特定性。要求选词专业化 （professional ）、正式（ formal ）、准确（ accurate ）。具体体现在下 列方面： 1、May, shall, must ,may not (或shall not)的使用 May, shall , must ,may not (或shall not)对学过英语的人再熟悉不 过，但在合同中用这些词时要极其谨慎。权利义务的约见定部分构成了合同的主 体。这几个词如选用不当，可能会引起纠纷。 may旨在约定当事人的权利（可以 做什么）， Shall 约定当事人的义务（应当做什么时候）， must 用 于强制性义务（必须做什么），maynot ( 或 shall not) 用于禁止性义务（不 得做什么）。 May do 不能说成 can do ， shall do,不能说成should do或ought to do，may not do在美国一些法律文件可以用shall not，但绝不 能用 can not do或must not。 2、用语正式（formal） 合同英语有着严肃的风格，与其它英语作品有很大不同。例如：“因 为”的短语多用“ by virtue of ”，远远多于“ due to ”一般不用“ because of ”；“财务年度末”一般用“at the close of the fiscal year”，而不
中英商务合同翻译中的障碍分析及应对策 略 【摘要】随着中外经贸合作关系日益加强，商务活动也趋于白热化，而商务合同作为开展商务活动的依据与准则，其文本扮演着尤为重要的角色，这就对商务合同翻译提出了极高的要求。本文从中英文商务合同的基本特征出发，从语言、文化、商务背景等三个方面分析了中英商务合同翻译中可能存在的障碍，并探讨了相应的处理方法。 【关键词】商务合同，基本特征，翻译障碍，应对策略 0 引言 商务合同的根本目的在于从法律意义上建立合同语言的权威，从而保障合同参与方的权利与利益，商务合同翻译因而具有非同寻常的意义，其质量评价标准也是极其严格，要求……（补充商务合同翻译的质量标准）。本文从英汉商务合同基本特征的异同出发，尝试分析英汉商务合同翻译中可能存在的障碍，并提出相应的对策。 1 中英商务合同基本特征比较 1.1 中英商务合同的共同特征 （补充一两句话过渡。） 1.1.1 法律效力 合同是平等主题自然人、法人和其他组织所实施的一种民事法律行为，以设立、变更或终止民事权利义务关系为目的和宗旨。因而，无论语言背景如何不同，合同均具有法律效力，中英文商务合同亦不例外。 1.1.2 文体风格
从文体风格来看，中英商务合同的语言均具有正式、严密、规范等特征，体现在措词上，两者均选用最经济、最有效的文字。此外，两类合同均倾向于选用“大词”，即不带有个人感情色彩的正式词语。如“乙方因施工质量的原因导致业主退房、补偿等全部责任、费用及甲方的损失均由乙方承担。”这里表示原因的词用“因”而不用“因为”，则是因为“因为”一词稍显口语化；又如：The sellers shall not be held responsible for the delay in shipment or non-delivery of the goods due to Force Majeure, which might occur during the process of manufacturing or in the course of adding or transit.这里“因为”一词用due to，而不用owing to或because of，是因为because of口语化较重，而owing to则含感情色彩。 1.1.3 术语运用 （补充一两句话简要介绍为何使用术语）中英文商务合同均常使用专业术语。如不可抗力（force majeure）、装箱单（packing list）、保险范围（insurance coverage）、保单（insurance policy）、通货膨胀（inflation）、偷税人（tax dodger）、复利（compound interest）等。合同还常使用法律术语，如违约（breach）、重大过失（gross negligence）、故意行为（willful conduct）等。 1.1.4 情态动词运用 为彰显商务合同的效力，合同文本中常出现情态动词。如应当（shall），可（could）等。（补充说明为何使用情态动词。） 1.1.5模糊词运用 （补充说明什么是模糊词以及合同中为何使用模糊词）中英商务合同中都使用模糊词从侧面体现了商务合同的适应性，如汉语里的“材料优质”、“环境恶劣”等英语里的within reasonable a time（在合理的时间内），serious dereliction（严重失职）等词。 1.2 中英商务合同的不同特征 （补充一两句话过渡。） 1.2.1 同义词连用 英语商务合同里常用同义词连用，而汉语商务合同则是同词性词的并列使
常见英文合同翻译与详解
引子:鉴于现在对外交流事例逐渐增多,英文合同特别是经济合同的翻译愈显重要,若译文不准确或不严谨,势必会引起不必要的经济纠纷.故今以一英文(经济)合同写作书籍为蓝本,录入一些有益文字,希望大家共同提高英文(经济)合同的翻译和写作。 合同文件是合同双方签订并必须遵守的法律文件,因此合同中的语言应体现其权威性.英文合同用语的特点之一就表现在用词上,即选择那些法律用词,以及正式用词,使合同表达的意思准确无误,达到双方对合同中使用的词无可争议的程度。 一.hereby 英文释义:by means of , by reason of this 中文译词:特此,因此,兹 用法:常用于法律文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语；在条款中需要强调时也可用。 语法：一般置于主语后,紧邻主语. 例1： The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and co mpletion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other s um as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manne r prescribed by the Contract. 参考译文: 业主特此立约保证在合同规定的期限内,按合同规定的方式向承包人支付合同价,或合同规定的其它应支付的款项,以作为本工程施工、竣工及修补工程中缺陷的报酬。 注释: (1)hereby: by reason of this 特此 (2)covenant: v. make a formal agreement 立约,签订合同、条约; n. legal agreement具有法律约束的正式合同 (3)completion of the Works: 工程的竣工 (4)therein: in the Works在本工程中 (5)the Contract Price: 合同总价,指工程的总造价 (6)such...as: 关系代词,相当于that, which (7)under: in accordance with 根据,按照 (8)the provisions of the Contract: terms and conditions of the Contract合同条款 例2： We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correc t and all available information and data have been supplied herein, and that we agree to provi de documentary proof upon your request. 注释： （1）hereby：特此 （2）to the best of our knowledge：as far as we know据我们所知 （3）foregoing statement：above-mentioned statement上述声明 （4）herein：in this, in the statement在声明中 （5）documentary proof：证明文件 参考译文： 特此证明，据我们所知，上述声明内容真实，正确无误，并提供了全部现有的资料和数据，我们同意，