V 形容词和副词及其比较结构和特殊用法1.形容词层迭修饰时的顺序 : 县官行令杀国才e.g. a charming big round old black Italian oak writing desk2.副词1）兼有两种形式的副词的不同意义和用法Clean/ cleanly, clear/ clearly, close/ closely, dead/ deadly, direct/ directly, easy/ easily, fair/ fairly, firm/ firmly, free/ freely, high/ highly, just/ justly, late/ lately, sharp/ sharply2)副词在词组中可以修饰动词、形容词、副词、限定词、名词，大多作前置修饰语，但enough 例外e.g. She cooks well enough.He didn’t run fast enough.3)hardly/ barely/ scarcely：三个词在意义上都接近于否定。
●Hardly 着重于强调某种困难，scarcely 含有“几乎没有，接近最低限度,不足”的意思，两者都可与any, ever, at all 连用：He has hardly any money./I hardly ever go out. /There were scarcely twenty people there. (那儿连20个人都没有)●Barely 意为“仅仅，几乎不能”：She was barely 15 when she won her firstchampionship.4）nearly/ almost/ quite/ rather●almost强调―差一点……就‖（=very nearly）,可用于no, none, nothing等前面，但不能用not修饰；nearly表示―接近‖，常可与almost换用，not修饰nearly 意为―远非‖，―远不及‖。
e.g. Almost no one (=Hardly anyone) believes her.There is not nearly enough (much too little) food for all these people.●在非正式语体中，quite, rather 等程度副词可做前置修饰语，修饰整个名词词组:e.g. It takes quite some time.That’s quite a story.She’s rather a fool.3.比较结构1）as…as: the same asalmost/ just/ nearly as…asas many+pl. n+as, as much+U+as, as adj. a/an+ singl. n+ashalf/ twice/ three times a s…as（the size/number/price of…）e.g. She has written as many essays as her brother (has).He took as much butter as he needed.I don’t want as expensive a car as this.She gave me twice the number of cards I asked for.2) not so much…asIt wasn’t so much his appearance I liked as his personality. (与其说…不如说…) It wasn’t so much that I disliked her as that I just wasn’t interested.3) 含有than的结构a. 比较同一类事物时，要用other 把其排除在其他同类事物之外e.g. The film is much more interesting than all the other ones.b. 除了表示比较含义之外，more…than结构还有另外的含义:He is more a scholar than a businessman. (He is a scholar rather than a businessman.)c. no more than: 仅仅；和…一样都不(no better than; no richer than; no bigger than; no later than, etc.)I am no more than 30 this year. = I’m only/ just 30 this year.Mary is no more beautiful than Jane. 玛丽和珍一样都不漂亮。
Water is no more solid than gold is liquid. 就像金子不是液体一样，水也不是固体。
●not more than: 至多，不超过；不比…更…I am not more than 30 this year. = I am at most 30 this year.Mary is not more beautiful than Jane.玛丽没有珍漂亮。
●no more…than (= not…any more than )A whale is no more a fish than a horse is. 鲸不是鱼，如同马不是鱼一样。
●单独使用more than 表示否定：That is more than I can tell.4) the more…the more…, 表示两个过程按比例同时递增。
1. The patient’s progress was very encouraging as he could get out of the difficulties. (2001)A. nearlyB. hardlyC. merelyD. barely2. ---Does Alan like hamburgers?---Yes. So much that he eats them almost every day. (2003)A. forB. asC. toD. so3. That trumpet player was certainly loud. But I was n’t bothered by his loudness ______ by his lack of talent. (2004)A. so much asB. rather thanC. asD. than4. The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of a full-loaded truck, _____ to the truck. (2004)A. the greater stress isB. greater is the stressC. the stress is greaterD. the greater the stress5. It was __ we had hoped. (2006)A more a success thanB a success more thanC as much of a success asD a success as much as6. Susan is very hardworking, but her pay is not__ for her work. (2006)A enough goodB good enoughC as good enoughD good as enough7. There are as good fish in the sea _____ever came out of it. （2007）A. thanB. likeC. asD. so8. It is not ______much the language as the background that makes the book difficult to understand. (2007)A. thatB. asC. soD. very9. Overpopulation poses a terrible threat to the human race. Yet it is probably________a threat to the human race than environmental destruction. (2007)A. no moreB. not moreC. even moreD. much more10. What does "He wisely refused to spend his money" mean? (2008)A. It was wise of him to refuse to spend his money.B. He refused to spend his money in a wise manner.C. He was short of money and didn't want to buy anything.D. He refused, in a wise manner, to spend his money.11. The square itself is five hundred yards wide, five times ____ the size of St.Peter's in Rome. (2008)A. /B. that ofC. which isD. of12. A new laptop costs about _____ of a second-hand one. (2009)A. the price of three timesB. three times the priceC. as much as the three times priceD. three times more than the price13. Which of the following adverbs can NOT be used to complete " _____everybody came"? (2009)A. NearlyB. QuiteC. PracticallyD. Almost14. He feels that he is not yet ____ to travel abroad. (2010)A. too strongB. enough strongC. so strongD. strong enough ADADC, BCCBD, ABBDVI 动词时态和语态1. 一般现在时●用于条件或时间状语从句，表示将来时间e.g. If it rains tomorrow, we’ll have to cancel the picnic.2. 现在进行时1）常与always, continually, constantly, forever等副词连用，表示现阶段经常反复发生的动作，表达说话人不满、厌烦、抱怨等情绪：e.g. He is always putting us in trouble.My mum is always complaining that we are not so obedient.2) 表示计划安排中近期即将发生的动作（句中要有表示将来的时间状语）e.g. We are having a meeting to discuss your problem tomorrow.I’m leaving for New York tomorrow morning.3现在完成时1）常与下列状语连用：already, yet, ever, never, scarcely, lately, recently, up to the present, up till now, in the past few years●还与for和since引导的时间状语连用。