翻译讲评Diesel engine operating features (paragraph 2)Now let us compare the diesel engine with the gasoline engine. Firstly, the explosive mixture of the gasoline engine is provided by a carburettor, but in the case of the diesel engine the supply is effected by an injection or "jerk" pump which forces a "shot" of fuel into each cylinder in turn according to the correct firing sequence.✓explosive mixture爆炸性混合物/（可）爆燃混合气✓the supply = the supply of the explosive mixture✓to effect = to bring about; to cause sth to occur 使产生；使发生✓… the supply is effected by… = …the mixture is supplied by…✓an injection or "jerk" pump = aninjection pump or “jerk” pump✓injection pump喷射泵/喷油泵✓jerk pump 高压燃油喷射泵/ 脉动作用泵译：现在，让我们比较一下柴油发动机和汽油发动机。
首先，汽油发动机的爆燃混合气是由化油器提供的，而柴油机的爆燃混合气则由喷油泵（即脉动作用泵）提供，由喷油泵按照正确的点火顺序将燃油依次“射”入各汽缸。
Secondly, the fundamental difference between gasoline and diesel engines is that in the gasoline engine the source of the heat for igniting the charge, namely, an electric spark, is generated outside the engine, and is taken, as it were, into the waiting charge at the required instant.a.the source of the heat热源b.t he charge燃料/混合燃气c.the source of the heat = an electric sparkd.a s it were: used when describing something in a way that is not quite exact 可以说；可谓viz.,译：其次，汽油发动机与柴油发动机的基本区别在于：汽油机中用于点燃混合燃气的热源（即电火花）是在发动机外面产生的，可以说电火花总是在需要的时刻被引入待燃的混合气中。
In the diesel engine the source of heat for igniting the charge is created within the engine by compressing pure air to a degree that will initiate combustion and then [by] injecting the fuel at the right time in relation to the movement of the crankshaft.a.The source of heat is created by compressing…and then injecting the…b.t o initiate combustion 是什么在燃烧？是空气还是燃料（charge）？译：而在柴油发动机中，用于点燃混合气的热源是在发动机内部产生的，方法是将纯空气压缩，直到燃料可以被引燃的程度，随后，因应曲轴的运动，燃油适时地喷入。
Both classes of engines are of very similar construction. But as the diesel engine is called upon to withstand very much greater stresses due to higher pressures in cylinders, it has to be of more substantial construction, and is thus heavier.a.construction结构b.s tresses应力e.g. a stress of 240 MPa / a stress of200–1000 Pa / a stress of 2900 kg/cm2译：这两种发动机的结构是很相似的，但是由于柴油发动机汽缸内压强更高，它必须能够承受大得多的应力，因此它的结构必须更加坚固，重量也更大些。
In general, the diesel engine may weigh about 9. 25 kilograms per kilowatt. The most important advantage of the gasoline engine is its lower weight per kilowatt. The gasoline engine for automobiles weighs about 6. 17 kilograms per kilowatt, and gasoline engines for airplanes may weigh as little as 0. 77 kilograms per kilowatt. This advantage prevents the diesel engine from replacing the gasoline engine in some automobiles and airplanes.一般来说，柴油机每千瓦重量可达9.25公斤。
汽油机最重要的优点是每千瓦的重量较轻。
用于汽车的汽油发动机每千瓦重量为6.17公斤，而用于飞机的汽油发动机的每千瓦重量最轻仅有0.77公斤。
汽油机的这一优点使柴油机无法代替某些汽车以及飞机上使用的汽油发动机。
However, the diesel engine is more efficient, because it has a higher compression ratio. Its ratio may be as high as 16 to 1. Up to 40 per cent of the chemical energy of the burning fuel may be changed into mechanical energy. In addition, the diesel engine runs cooler than the gasoline engine. This advantage is especially obvious at lower speeds. Diesel oil is not only cheaper than gasoline, but also safer to store.Mechanical properties of a materialA mechanically sound structure like a bridge on the river然而，柴油发动机的效率更高些，因为柴油机具有较高的压缩比，可达16比I。
高达40%的燃料燃烧产生的化学能可转化为机械能。
此外，柴油发动机比汽油发动机的工作温度低。
这一优点在低速运转时尤为明显。
柴油不仅比汽油便宜，而且储存更为安全。
XIII．文化负载词汇--中外翻译策略比较1.运动会吉祥物：1）福娃、乐羊羊、盼盼2）Amik - Montreal 1976"Amik" in Indian language means beaver.The beaver has always been associated with hard work. （Note: The name "Amik"is not translated as “beaver”for use in English or “castor” in French.）3）Hodori - Seoul 1988The " Ho" in "Hodori" comes from the Korean word for tiger, and "Dori" is a common masculine diminutive.4）Naranjito, mascot of Football World Cup, Spain, 1982The name comes from naranja, Spanish for orange, and the diminutive suffix "-ito"5）Pique, mascot of Football World Cup, Mexico, 1986The name comes from picante, Spanishfor spicy peppers and sauces6）Ciao, mascot of Football World Cup, Italy, 19907）Goleo V and Pille, mascot of Football World Cup, Germany, 2006Goleo is a portmanteau of the words "goal" and "leo", the Latin word for lion. In Germany, "Pille" is a colloquial term for a football2.饮食1)饺子，馒头，豆腐，汤圆，点心，茄汁，荔枝2)tofu, gyoza, sake, pizza, macaroni（通心粉）, spaghetti, ravioli, pasta （面条类）cappuccino, sauté（煎）,mayonnaise（蛋黄酱）, pâté（酱；馅饼）, foie gras（鹅肝酱）, V odka,Champagne, Cabernet Sauvignonpickle, oshinko, sauerkraut, kimchi3.体育运动1)武术，太极拳，咏春拳Wing Tsun，截拳道Jeet Kune Do，围棋，象棋，2)judo，taekundo，karate, go, Muay Thai,kabaddi, canoe, épée, sabre, fleuret, 4. 音乐舞蹈1）唢呐，琵琶，京剧，昆曲，粤曲，采茶戏Tea-picking Opera，客家山歌Hakka Folk Songs/Hakka mountainsongs2）cello, concerto, allegro, andante,tempo, libretto, ballet, soprano, scherzo,tango, samba, rumba, serenade, pas dedeux, pas de quatre, encore, waltz,k hoomei (khuumei)5. 称呼语3）老张，小李，陈老师，王师傅，李司机，何书记，4）Monsieur Lafarge, Madame Curie,Signorina Mussolini, SignoriCampanini, Señor San Antonio, SeñoraNilda, Fraulein Maria, Führer, etc--Ah ! but Signore, —the bottle had acork." " A cork ! ...Oh ! but —signore— just as you please！--Why, yes, Fraulein Maria WAS mygoverness before going to work for thevon Trapp family. However did youknow?PHANTOM'S VOICE:I'm here: The Phantom of the Opera . . .I'm here: The Phantom of the Opera . . . RAOUL:You fool, I said only when the times comes! MARKSMAN:But, Monsieur le Vicomte . . .PHANTOM'S VOICE:No "buts"! For once, Monsieur le Vicomte is right.Seal my fate tonight - I hate to have to cut the fun short but the joke's wearing thinLet the audience in ... let my opera begin!Les Miserables--Good afternoon, Monsieur le Maire. The new inspector has arrived. - He wants to report.-- That's all right. He doesn't have to.--But Monsieur le Maire, if you don't permit the inspector to report... I think he will burst into tears. Monsieur le Maire, I'm Inspector Javert. I have the honor of reporting to my post as your prefect of police.-- I'm sorry. What's your name?- Inspector Javert.- You were expecting me. Paris should...- You have papers? Yes, I apologize. I should have presented them immediately.--Good. Thank you for coming.4.其它1）阴，阳，龙，凤，风水，八卦，红卫兵，赤脚医生城管On Oct. 27th, when a Chengguan squadin Zhumadian County in Henan wastearing down a residential building by force, they came into conflict with the owners.走资派... was labeled a Zouzipai (capitalist-roader)大字报Dazibao, or wall-mounted posters /Big-character posters // wall newspapers法轮功下岗the xiagang or laid-off workers, // xiagng (laid-off) workers上访make a shangfang (an appeal to a higher judicial authority) // China has a way of lodging complaints via a petition known as a shangfang户口to obtain a hukou, or residence permit // hukou (residence permit)2）sans-culotte, paparazzi, Ciao, edelweiss, blitz, diesel, Geisha, Kamikaze, Kanji, Kimono, Samurai, Sushi, Zen, Tsunami, Shinto, AumShinrikyo, Russian Duma, perestroika,gulag, Cheka. Cosmonaut, Czar, junta,olé , siesta, toreador, El Niño, La Niña回译与文献检索1. 孔子曰：“天无二日，民无二王。