指示是人类语言中一种普遍的现象。任何语 言都有一些特定的语言手段用来指示或者代 替语境中的某一成分，使话语与一定的人物 事物、空间、时间、事件等发生直接联系。 能起指示作用的词语有人称代词、指示代词 指示形容词、指示副词、关系代词、定冠词 等。 ---Lyons, (1977: 636-656）
social deixis
Person deixis(人称指示)
Definition of person deixis： 1. Levinson(1983): person deixis concerns the encoding of the role participants in the speech event in which the utterance in question is delivered. 2.人称指示语指谈话双方用话语传达信息时 的相互称呼。 ---《语用学概论》 （何自然，冉永平，2002）

Place deixis(空间指示)
1. Levinson(1983) thought Place deixis concerns the encoding of spatial locations relative to the location of the participants in the speech event.


3. What I want to tell you is this the meeting will be put off till Saturday. 例句3中的指示代词this指的是 the meeting will be put off till saturday，其中指示代词this是替 代项， the meeting will be put off till saturday 是被替代项；例3中的指示语this的指代属预 指用法.
Deixis
徐海艳 刘倩倩

The main contents of deixis
(1) Background


(2) Definition of deixis
(3) Deictic usage (4) Five categories of deixis


Background
With the development of pragmatics in the 1970s, more and more people turn their attention to the study of language of real people in the real world.


2.地点指示或空间指示，指话语涉及的地点。 “纯”地点指示语在英语中常见的有副词 （如here, there）和指示代词（如this, that), 其他的一些地点指示语多由介词短语表示。 ---《语用学概论》 （何自然，冉永平，2002）
In English, location adverbs and demonstratives such as here, there, this, that, left, right are typical place deixis. Besides, pairs of motion verbs such as come and go, take and bring also are components of place deixis. Equivalents of these words can be found in Chinese, that is in turn, 这儿，那儿，这，那， 左和右；来和去，带走和拿来。
Four types of time demporal adverbs Verb tense
A compound (deictic modifiers + expressions of time) Prepositional phrases+ adverbial phrases
指示语就是一些在语境中才能确定所指对 象的词语和结构。 ---关德英 指示语是用于表示语言指示信息的词语。 ---董瑞红 把表示语言指示信息的词语或结构称为指 示语。 ---《语用学概论》 （何自然，冉永平，2002 ）

1. Gestural use and symbolic use (手势和象征用法） The use of deictic expressions together with paralinguistic features is call the gestural use, and that without, the symbolic use. Paralinguistic Features (副语言特征) which means body movements like eye-gaze, facial expression, nodding of the head, gestures by the hand, and unusual , variations of pitch, loudness and duration of sound. (1)This one is genuine, but this one is fake.（运用手 势） (2)This city is really beautiful.

While deixis appears to be a universal feature of human communication and it is frequently treated as one of the core areas within pragmatics.
The definition of deixis

Deixis refers to the function of personal and demonstrative pronouns, of tense and of a variety of other grammatical and lexical features which relate utterances to the spatio-temporal co-ordinates of the act of utterance. ---- Lyons（莱昂斯） (1977:636)


回指（anaphora）又译为上指、前指或照应， 是指用一个词项指代前文中提到过的单位或 意义的语言学单位（Crystal,1985）（转引自 胡壮麟，1994:48）。前文中被指代的词项叫 先行词(an-tecedent)，指代的词项叫回指项或 者指代项（anaphor）。 预指(cataphora)是对下文将要出现的内容或者 词项的指代，总是替代项在前，被替代项在 后。（王宗炎，1994)
Deictic usage
Deictic usage
2. Deictic uses and anaphoric uses Another use of deictics is known as anaphoric. In other words, deictics may be used nondeictically. 话语中的照应关系在一定程度上为话语指示 语的正确使用提供了必要的前提条件，揭示 出话语指示语所指代的具体内容。话语指示 语的照应关系包括回指和预指。

Time deixis(时间指示)



1. Levinson (1983) thought Time deixis concerns the coding of temporal point and spans (间距) relative to the time at which an utterance was spoken. 2. Time deictics, such as yesterday, tomorrow, now, only become fully meaningful if you know when the words were uttered. ---- Meaning in Interaction: An Introduction to Pragmatics 3.时间指示指谈话双方用话语传达信息时提到的 时间。 ---《语用学概论》 （何自然，冉永平2002）

Five categories of deixis

According to Pragmatics written by Levinson, he classified five major categories of deixis.
person deixis
time deixis
deixis
place deixis discourse deixis
now, then, recently, today, yesterday present, past, future
this, last, next + week, month, year, Monday in a while, four days ago, within a week
在讨论时间指示时，我们还需要注意所谓 编码时间（coding time, 简称CT) 和接收 时间（receiving time, 简称RT)这两个概念。 编码时间指说话人将其想要传递的信息进 行编码的时间，也就是说话时间。 接收时间指听话人收到说话人所发出的信 息的时间。 在大多数情况下，这两个时间几乎一致。 但两个时间之间的差别也可能十分明显， 例如:隔了几天才能到达收件人的信件，预 先录制的广播节目、电视节目等等。
由三个人称构成的人称代词：
First person pronouns English Chinese I, we Second person pronoun you Third person pronoun he, she, it, they