语用学在语言教学中的应用
• 如何将语用学融入课堂教学，提高学生的 语用意识，增强语言的教学效果？
• 语用学的基本理论、 • 发展动态与研究热点， • 结合实例指导教师如何在外语教学中应用 语用学并开展研究
Peter Grundy教授
• 语用学与话语意图、语义推断和词汇语用 学 • 语义学中著名的Grice’s maxims的内涵与发 展，指出语言的表达应该信息量适中、内 容准确、表述清晰，如果违背了这些原则， 那么就需要听者进行分析和推断了
How real life and textbook compare
• S:Would you like something to drink • S:Madam would you like something to drink • P:Sorry • S:Something to drink • P:Yes please I`d like coffee
妈妈，那是什么？
句子的字面意义： 说话人对妈妈的一个询问，询问妈妈 附近或者远处的某事物是什么东西。 话语的语境意义： ①儿子用手指着面包店卖的面包，明 知那是面包，却故意询问，此时她表 达的意思是“妈妈，我想吃面包” 或者“妈妈，我饿了”。 ②儿子在动物园里用手指着从未见过 的长颈鹿说此语，就仅是一种询问， 不可能是要表达“我想买长颈鹿”或 “我想吃长颈鹿”。
• • • • •
Peter bought a car. It was Peter who bought a car. It was a car that Peter bought. What peter bought was a car. 句法学：说明这些句子是同一深层经过不 同转换的结果 • 语义学：这些句子都是同义的。 • 语用学：这些句子都是不同的
• Syntactics: the formal relation of signs to one another.
• Semantics: the relations of signs to the objects to which the signs are applicable. • Pragmatics: the relation of signs to interpreters.
陈新仁教授
• 从国内语用学研究的角度出发，回顾语用学研究 的历史，阐释语用学研究的意义，帮助大家对国 内语用学研究情况有了一个整体认识 . • 语用学分支主要包括言谈应对社会语言学、语际 语用学、跨文化语用学、语用学与翻译、语用学 与语言教学和认知语用学等。 • 教学大纲、教材和外语教师都会强调外语教学培 养学生外语交际能力的重要性，要全面提高学生 的交际能力，离不开对学生语用能力的提升。
• Locutionary act: I produce a sentence with determinate sense (true value) and reference. • Illocutionary act: I produce an utterance which counts as warnings, apologizing in advance, criticising trains, etc. • Perlocutionay effect: My wife makes dinner, buys lottery ticket, etc.
语用学的研究内容
A、语境 B、指示词语 C、会话含义 D、预设 E、言语行为 F、关联理论 J、会话结构
Pragmatics is a rapidly growing field in contemporary linguistics. In recent years, it has not only become a center of intense interest in linguistics and the philosophy of language, it has also attracted a considerable amount of attention from anthropologists, artificial intelligence workers, cognitive scientists, psychologists, and semioticians. --- Yan Huang, Pragmatics, 2007. p.1
Leech
• • • • 是否涉及说话人或听话人 是否涉及说话人的意图或听话人的理解 是否涉及语境 是否涉及通过使用语言所实施的行为
• 有一个满足，则是语用学范畴
Advantages & Disadvantages
• One can talk about people’s intended meaning , their assumptions, their purposes or goals, and the kind of actions that they are performing when they speak. • All these very human concepts are extremely difficult to analyze in a consistent and objective way.
Pragmatics
Definitions of pragmatics
1. Pragmatics is the branch of linguistics that deals with the meanings and effects which come from the use of language in particular situations. 《网络词典》wikipedia 2. Pragmatics can be usefully defined as the study of how utterance have meanings in situations. Leech 3. Pragmatics is the study of how more gets communicated than is said. Yule
Semantics & Pragmatics
• 对意义的研究 • 没有第一层次的研究，很难进行第二层次的研究 • 语用意义不能脱离语言本身因有的内在意义
• 语用学是对语言行为(performance)的研究 • 语言行为是语言能力的具体体现 Chomsky
今天是星期天。
句子的字面意义： 一个判断，说话人说话的当天是一个星期七天中 的第一天。 话语的语境意义： ①妻子对伏案工作的丈夫说此语，意思是建议他 好好休息。 ②妻子对答应星期天帮她作家务活的丈夫说此语 ，意思是提醒丈夫快去作家务。 ③想去春游的儿子对让他在家复习的妈妈说此语 ，意思是请求或建议他妈妈带她去玩或者同意他 去玩。
• 在华德国留学生汉斯脚痒，到药店去买药。 售货员问汉斯买什么药。汉斯脚又痒起来， 一着急就说：“脚痒！脚痒！”售货员听 成了“久仰！久仰！”就很客气地说： “哪里！哪里！”汉斯以为售货员问他什 么地方痒，指着脚说：“这里！这里！”
A Private Conversation
Last week I went to the theatre. I had a very good seat. The play was very interesting. I did not enjoy it. A young man and a young woman were sitting behind me. They were talking loudly. I got very angry. I could not hear the actors. I turned round. I looked at the man and the woman angrily. They did not pay any attention. In the end, I could not bear it. I turned round again. 'I can't hear a word!' I said angrily.' It's none of your business,' the young man said rudely. 'This is a private conversation!'. [New Concept English (Book II Lesson 1)]
• What you can find out about a word if you look in a dictionary • About vocabulary teaching
Peter Grundy教授
• 国际语用学专家关于“usage”和“use”的 观点。“usage”强调词汇和句子在语言系 统中的功能，表达的是字面意思；“use”侧 重语言交流的目的，传递具体语境中的特 殊含义。 • 如何平衡这两者在教学中的关系？如何在 教材中体现语用的内涵？
Peter Grundy教授
• 语言教学应当培养学生在具体语境中准确 理解、恰当表达的能力。那么如何在语言 教学中平衡语言规范与交际能力这两方面 因素呢？ • How do we signal what we do when we use language?
Do teachers pay too much attention to the public properties of words and too little to their cognitive functions?
Peter Grundy教授
• 语用学、指示语和元语用意识，帮助大家 增强语用的敏感度。
So this is the choice:methodology
• We learn a language in order to use it: languages are teachable.