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论英语歧义句的产生


11. They are moving sidewalks. (1) They are sidewalks which are movable. 可移动的人行 拐角处被车撞了。介词短语 on the corner 用作状语表示地点) 道。( moving 用作定语修饰 sidewalks) ( (2) They are in the action of moving sidewalks. 他们在移 5. Old men and women are hard to live with. (1) Old men and old women are hard to live with. 老头儿 动人行道。( moving 构成动词进行时态) 和老婆们难相处。 (形容词 old 作定语修饰 men and women) (五) 英语中的否定词既可否定谓语动词、 名词, 又可否定 (2) Old men and all women are hard to live with. 老头儿和 动词不定式、 从句等, 因否定范围不同而引起句子歧义, 否定 妇女难相处。 (形容词 old 作定语只修饰 men) (二) 并列名词短语引起的歧义 6. Mary and Joe or Bill broke the window. (1) Mary and Joe broke the window or Bill broke it. 玛丽和 乔或比尔打破窗子。 (2) Mary and Joe broke the window or Mary and Bill broke it. 玛丽和乔或玛丽和比尔打破窗子。 (三) 非谓语动词 (短语) 在句子中既有主动意义, 又有被 动意义; 既可用作定语、 宾语补足语, 又可用作状语, 因而引起 句子的歧义 7. The lamb is too hot to eat. (1) The lamb is so hot that it cannot eat anything. 羔羊太热 而没法吃东西。 (名词 the lamb 是动词不定式 to eat 逻辑上 的主语, 有主动之义) (2) The lamb is so hot that no one can eat it. 羔羊太热人没法 吃。 (名词 the lamb 是动词不定式 to eat 逻辑上的宾语, 有被动 之义) 8. I noticed a boy hidden behind a big tree. (1) I noticed a boy who was hidden behind a big tree. 看到 一个躲在树后的男孩。 (过去分词短语 hidden behind a big tree 用作定语修饰 a boy) (2) I noticed that a boy was hidden behind a big tree. 看到 一男孩躲在树后。 (过去分词短语作宾语补足语) (3) Hidden behind a big tree, I noticed a boy. 我躲在树后 看到一男孩。 (过去分词短语用作状语) 9. I saw a boat pulling a fishing net. (1) I saw a boat which was pulling a fishing net.看到一只拖 鱼网的船。 (现在分词短语 pulling a fishing net 用作定语修饰 a boat) (2) I saw that a boat was pulling a fishing net. 看到一只船 在拖鱼网。 (分词短语用作宾语补足语) (3) I saw a boat when I was pulling a fishing net. 我在拖鱼 网时看到一只船。 (现在分词短语用作状语表示时间) (四) 动词的-ing 形式既可认为是动名词又可认为是现在 分词, 因此可用作定语、 主语, 也可构成动词进行时态因而引 起句子的歧义 10. Flying planes can be dangerous. 范围通常由否定词所在的位置开始, 在句中没有逗号的情况 下, 否定意义便可能扩展到句末 12. He didn’go to Hawaii to spend his holiday. t (1) He went to Hawaii not to spend his holiday. 他去了夏 威夷, 但不是去度假。 (否定 to spend) (2) He didn’go to Hawaii (perhaps he went to somewhere t else) to spend his holiday. 他没去夏威夷度假。 ( 可能去了别 ) 的地方度假 (否定谓语动词 go) 13. I didn’ go swimming because it was too hot. t (1) Because it was too hot, I didn’ go swimming. 没去游 t 泳, 因为天气太热 (否定谓语动词) (2) I went to swimming, but not because it was too hot. 去 游泳了, 但不是因为天气热。 (否定从句) (六) 在复合句中, 由于从句所起的作用不同而引起句子 歧义 14. Please let me know if he comes back. (1) Please let me know whether he comes back or not. 告诉 我他是否回来。 (从句用作宾语) (2) If he comes back, please let me know. 如果他回来请告 诉我 (从句用作条件状语) (七) 有些动词后既可跟双宾语, 也可跟复合宾语, 故而引 起歧义 15. I found her an experienced tutor. (1) I found an experienced tutor for her. 给她找一名有经 验的家庭教师。 (动词后跟双宾语) (2) I found that she was an experienced tutor. 发现她是一 名有经验的家庭教师。 (动词后跟复合宾语) (八) 有时为了使句子简练以及句子结构的需要而省略句 子中的某些成分, 从而导致句子出现歧义 16. Terry loves his mother and so do I. (1) Terry loves his mother and I also love my mother. 特里 爱他妈妈, 我也爱我妈妈。 (2) Terry loves his mother and I also love his mother. 特里 爱他妈妈, 我也爱他妈妈。 (九) 有时为了使句子简练以及句子结构的需要而省略句 子中的某些成分, 从而导致句子出现歧义。 24. Terry loves his mother and so do I. (下转第 220 页)
-” “Where do you pick the flower?”the White Queen asked. “Well, it isn’ picked at all,” Alice explained: “it’ t s ground----” “How many acres Queen. (Fro) mkin, V. 168----170 在这一组对话中, Alice 和 the White Queen 对同音异形 异义词 flour 和 flower 产生不同的理解,进而使 Alice 和 the White Queen 对同音同形异义词 ground 也产生不同的理解, Alice 把单词 ground 理解为是 grind 的过去分词, the White 而 (土地), Queen 则把 ground 理解为 earth 故而出现歧义, 使对 话显得幽默风趣, 妙不可言。 二、 语义歧义 由于人们对句子中某些英语多义词有不同的理解而造成 歧义, 语义歧义主要由同形同音异义词和同形异音异义词引 起。 1. She can not bear children. (1) She is unable to give birth to children. 她无生育能力。
语言的洞察力也在不断增强, 人们既注意句子的形式, 又讲究 “In a garden, or in the hedges?”
5. People were demonstrating and seniors were asked, on (bear ?表示 “生育” ) (2) She can not tolerate children. 她不能容忍孩子。 (bear 表示 “容忍” ) 2. John was expected to run the races. (1) John was expected to take part in the races. 希望约翰参 加比赛。( run 参加) (2) John was expected to direct the races. 希望约翰指挥比 赛。( run 指挥) 三、 句法歧义 句法歧义是指由于对句子中的句法结构有不同的理解而 产生的歧义, 句法歧义可分为: (一) 从句、 介词短语、 形容词或副词在句子中由于修饰作 用或修饰关系的变化引起的歧义 3. I know a man with a dog who has fleas. (1) I know a man who has fleas and the man was with a dog. 人身上有跳蚤。 (定语从句 who has fleas 修饰 a man)
6. People were demonstrating and seniors were asked to stop them from doing this on the campus (although they could do it elsewhere). 我们在教学中也会经常碰到歧义句。 例如,学生曾对 “He doesn’teach English in Beijing University.”一句发生过 t 争论。 有的说, 他在北京大学教书, 但不教英语, 有的讲, 他不 在北大教英语, 而在其它大学教英语。引起句子歧义的原因 主要有语音、 语义、 句法三个方面, 它们或因语音词义而异, 或 因结构而歧。本文拟就这三方面引起的歧义加以探讨。 一、 语音歧义 两个词义不同的单词, 无论其拼写是否相同, 若发音相 同, 在对话中就有可能造成句子的歧义, 如: “How is bread made?” “I know that!”Alice cried eagerly. You take some flour-“
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