Where

Code switching occurs far more often in conversation than in writing.
who

Larry Selinker: Interlanguage the terms "interlanguage" and "fossilization." Uriel Weinreich is credited with providing the foundational information that was the basis of Selinker's research. Selinker (1972) noted that in a given situation, the utterances produced by a learner are different from those native speakers would produce had they attempted to convey the same meaning.
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2.Poplack (1980) :Her finding pointed out that CS was used by those individuals whose language skills in both languages were balanced. While CS might be an indicator of bilingual ability in adults ,it might indicate development of bilingual communicative competence in children who are still learning a second language.


4.Align speakers with others in specific situations (e.g., defining oneself as a member of an ethnic group). 5.Announce specific identities, create certain meanings, and facilitate particular interpersonal relationships ------(Johnson, 2000, p. 184) (William B. Gudykunst, Bridging Differences: Effective Intergroup Communication, 4th ed. Sage, 2004)
Code-switch
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What--------defination
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Code switching is the practice of moving back and forth between two languages or between two dialects or registers of the same language at one time.(Thought Co.) 1.Gumperz (1973): refers to the alternate use of two or more languages in the same utterance or conversation.

Code-Switch is a new project funded by Temasec Labs at NTU (Nanyang Technological University) in Singapore, headed by Prof. Dr. Haizhou Li.
how----function



1.Hide fluency or memory problems in the second language (but this accounts for about only 10 percent of code switches). 2.Mark switching from informal situations (using native languages) to formal situations (using the second language). 3.Exert control, especially between parents and children.