nnnnrFVrrrcFVrFVrCrCrCP)1())1(11()1()1()1(12
Theorem 1: Bond prices move inversely to the yield to maturity of bonds.
P对r示导得:
12221221112111(1)(1)()(1)(1)1(1)()(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)nnnnnnnnndPrrnrFVnFVcdrrrrrrrnFVnFVcrrrrrrnrFVnFVcrrr
式子第二项小于0,因此要证明第一项小于0即可,即证明分子部分小于0:
112222(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)()0nnnnrrnrrrnrrrrnrCrCrrrnrnrrrnnrrnrnr
所以有:0dPdr,即债券价格与到期收益率反向变动。
Theorem 2. For a given change in yield to maturity from the nominal yield, the change in bond
prices are greater, the longer is the term to maturity.
当cr时,PFV,当r发生变动时,
(1)如r变小,由原理1可知债券价格P会上升,此时债券价格变动数值为:
11()(1)(1)nnFVPFVcFVrrrr
P的大小与n的关系体现在(1)(1)nnFVcFVrrr,
令()(1)(1)nnFVFVcfnrrr
对其求导得:ln(1)()()(1)ncrrfnFVrr
上式的符号由cr决定,前面假设r变小,所以0cr,因此()0fn。
即n越大,P增加得越多。
(2) 如r变大,由原理1可知债券价格P会下降,此时债券价格变动数值为:
11[()](1)(1)nnFVPFVFVcrrrr P的大小与n的关系体现在(1)(1)nnFVcFVrrr,
同样令()(1)(1)nnFVcFVfnrrr
对其求导得:ln(1)()()(1)nrcrfnFVrr
由于前面假设r变大,所以0rc,因此()0fn。
即n越大,P增加得越多。
Theorem 3: The percentage change described in theorem 2 increases at a diminishing rate as
the time to maturity increases.
随着时间的增加,P的数值越来越大,但增加的部分越来越少。即求其二阶导。
(1)如r变小, 此时ln(1)()()(1)ncrrfnFVrr>0,
2ln(1)()()0(1)ncrrfnFVrr
(2) 如r变大,此时ln(1)()()(1)nrcrfnFVrr
2ln(1)()()0(1)nrcrfnFVrr
因此原理3成立。
Theorem 4: Price movements resulting from equal absolute (or, what is the same, from equal
proportionate) increases and decreases in the yield to maturity are asymmetric; that is, a
decrease in yield to maturity raises bond prices more than the same increase in yield to
maturity lowers prices.
收益率相同的增加或减少时,债券价格的变动是不对称的。收益率的减少导致的债券价格增加超过收益率的增加导致的债券价格的减少。
由原理1已知0dPdr,所以我们要证明220dPdr 222211332223321(1){()}(1)(1)2(1)(1)(1)(23)(1)[](1)(1)[2(1)(1)(1)(1)(23)](1)(1)nnnnnndPrrnFVnFVcdrrrrrnrrrnrrnrFVnnFVcrrrrFVcrnrrrnrrnrFVnnrrr上式的符号由分子决定,即23[2(1)(1)(1)(1)(23)](1)nFVcrnrrrnrrnrFVnnr
决定。这个式子中,最后一项大于0,因此只要[…]部分大于0即可,该部分为:
22222222222222222[2(1)(1)(1)(1)(23)](1)2(1)(1)()(25343)2(24232)(24232)0nrnrrrnrrnrnnrnrrnrnrrrrnrnrrnrrnrnrrnrrnrnrrnr因此有:220dPdr
Theorem 5: The higher is the coupon carried by the bond, the smaller will be the percentage
price fluctuations for a given change in the yield to maturity except for one year securities
and consols.
息票率越高,债券价格变化的百分比越小。设
1211(1)(1)()(1)(1)nnndPrrnrFVnfcFVcdrrrr
故有:
121(1)(1)()(1)nnrrnrfcFVrr
前面已经证明1(1)(1)0nrrnr,故()0fc
因此,息票率越高,债券价格变化的幅度越小。
设原来债券价格为nnrFVrrrcFVP)1())1(11(,后来债券收益率下降,则价格变为11()()(1)(1)nnFVPFVcrrrr 债券价格变动百分比为:1PP。
11()()(1)(1)1111()(1)(1)111()()(1)(1)1111()(1)(1)nnnnnnnnFVFVcPrrrrFVPFVcrrrrcrrrrcrrrr
令()1PfcP,11fr,21(1)nfr,11kr,21(1)nkr,上式可化简为:
11221122()()1()cfffffcckkkk,对此式求导得:
122122112221122()[()]fkfkkfkffkfcckkkk,将各式代入分子部分,则可得:
12212211221111111111(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)()()(1)nnnnnnnnfkfkkfkffkrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr