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II. 词与词之间的同义关系
词与词可以因表达同一的逻辑概念结合在一起，这 些词称之为同义词(synonyms)。
同义词只是意义相同，但形位结构、音位形状和用 法不同。
一对或一组同义词并不是一成不变，一个词可与 一部分或另一部分词构成同义词。如: look与see, watch, observe 构成同义词，表示“看”的概念， 也可以与seem, appear 构成同义词，表示“看上 去”的概念。
handsome： 用做“漂亮”时，多指男性；形容女性，指“健壮和举止大 方的美”，“身材匀称，端正庄重”；指物时“悦目，匀称 ，端正，庄重”
lovely： 强调说话人的感情，感受；能引起赞赏和喜悦的人和物；
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• look, glance, stare, gaze, eye, peep
look 通俗常用，泛指“看”的动作 glance “一瞥” a short, quick look stare “盯着看、目不转睛的看” a very surprised look or a
there are some small differences. e.g. beautiful,
pretty, good-looking, handsome, attractive,
charming are synonymous words.
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三、同义词之间的差异
1、语义上的差异 如：amaze astound 使惊呼
• fatherland -- motherland, word-formation -- wordbuilding.
• 2. Relative synonyms or more accurate quasi-
synonymous words（相对同义词）:It refers to the
words are synonymous in meaning basically but
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• beautiful, pretty, handsome, lovely
beautiful: 普通，含义广； 用于可爱的人或物；指形式和颜色的完美； 给人以愉快的印象，给人以美和高贵的感觉的人或物；女性 和小男/女孩；
pretty： 不如beautiful强烈；小巧，俏丽；没有文雅、高贵的含义； 女性和孩子；
very ill-mannered gaze gaze “凝视，注视” a long, steady look, often caused by
• Native
Borrowed
answer
reply
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• 2. Dialects and regional English:
• relative synonyms in British and American usage
• British
American
lift
elevator
car park
Ram ewe Lamb语义场：由 公羊 母羊 小羊 下义词组成
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• Semantic Field（语义场） 语义场的共同概念由上义词表示，由下义词组
成。
Semantic field of colours: red, orange… Semantic field of kinship: son, father…
Semantic Classification of Words 词的语义分类
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语义分类(semantic classification of words)：
根据词与词之间的语义关系对词进行分类: 1. 上下义关系 the superordinate and the hyponym 2. 同义关系 synonymy 3. 反义关系 antonymy 4. 同形或同音异义关系 homonymy
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I. 词与词之间的上下义关系
Living有生命的
plant
animal
类概念 种概念 支配词 受支配词
bush tree shrub flower tiger wolf dog sheep 上下义关系
pine oak ash maple
white yellow pine pine 五叶松 黄松
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escape flee 逃、逃脱
a. The wolf rolled over and played dead to escape capture by the farmer.
b. They lost no time in fleeing the burning hotel. 更强调在紧急情况下仓促逃跑
parking lot
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• Types of synonyms
• 1. Complete or absolute synonyms（完全/绝对同 义词）:It refers to the two words are tothey are fully identical in meaning and interchangeable in any context without the slightest alteration in connotative, affective and stylistic meanings. e.g.
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• Major sources of English synonyms(同义 词) are :
• 1. Borrowing: Modern English is extremely rich in synonyms, which come from different sources. The most important source may be borrowing.
a. A teacher was amazed to find that a lazy
student had gained a mark of 100 in an important test. 难以相信
b. A woman may be astounded to learn
that her dearest friend has been spreading malicious gossip about her. 难以相信的程度 更高