SHIP HYDRODYNAMICS
LECTURE NOTES OF
PROPULSION PART
Course Outline
Contents Time Date Week
1. Propulsion Systems
a) History and Development of Screw Propeller
b) Modern Propulsion Systems
i- Fixed pitch propellers
ii- Ducted propellers
iii- Contra-rotating propellers
iv- Overlapping propellers
v- Controllable pitch propellers
vi- Waterjet propulsion system
vii- Cyclodial propellers
viii- Paddle wheels
ix- Superconducting electric propulsion
system
x- Azimuth podded propulsion system
1 hour 19.11.2004 8th
2. Propeller Geometry
a) Frames of Reference
b) Propeller Reference Lines
c) Pitch
d) Rake and Skew
e) Propeller Outlines and Areas
f) Blade Sections (NACA Definition of Thickness and
Camber)
1 hour 19.11.2004 8th
g) Propeller Drawing
Example (Wageningen series offset)
2 hours 23.11.2004 9th
3. Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Propellers
a) Open Water Characteristics
b) Propeller-Hull Interaction-Wake
i- Wake field characteristics
ii- Wake field definition (nominal wake field,
effective wake field)
iii- Thrust deduction
iv- Relative-rotative efficiency
v- Propulsive efficiency and propulsion
factors
vi- Summary of efficiencies in powering 2 hours 26.11.2004 9th
c) Standard Series Propeller Data
4. Basic Outlines of Propeller Design
Example (Propeller Design - Stage 1) 2 hours 30.11.2004 10th
5. Propeller Theories
a) Momentum Theory
b) Blade Element Theory
Example (KT, KQ, η0 and Bp-δ) 2 hours 03.12.2004 10th
Contents Time Date Week
Mid-Term Exam 2 hours 7.12.2004 11th
c) Profile Characteristics
d) Profile Series
e) Lifting Line Theory
f) Lifting Surface Theory
g) Boundary Element Methods 2 hours 10.12.2004 11th
6. Cavitation
a) The basics of cavitation
i- Physics of cavitation
ii- Historical development
iii- Cavitation number (inception)
iv- Effect of angle of attack on cavitation
b) Types of cavitation experienced by propellers
i- Location on a blade
ii- Physical appearance of cavitation
c) Effects of Cavitation on Propellers
i- Performance breakdown
ii- Noise
iii- Vibration
iv- Erosion
d) Cavitation Considerations in Design
i- Cavitation criteria
ii- Cavitation bucket diagrams
d) Preventing Cavitation
2 hours 14.12.2004 12th
Example (NACA pressure distribution, KT-KQ- RÖ) 1 hour? 17.12.2004 12th
7. Propeller Design
a) Propeller Design Basis
1. Resistance and power estimation
b) The use of Standard Series Data in Design
2. Determination of optimum RPM and propeller size
(diameter) (general case)
3. Engine Selection
4. Prediction of performance in service
5. Determination of blade surface area (BAR) and cavitation
control
2 hours 21.12.2004 13th
Example (Propeller Design - Stage 2+3, Cavitation Criteria) 2 hours 24.12.2004 13th
8. Propeller Tests
a) Open Water Tests
b) Self Propulsion Tests
c) Cavitation Tests
d) Other Tests
2 hours 28.12.2004 14th
Example (Self propulsion tests)
Lab visit 2 hours 31.12.2004 14th
11. PROPULSION SYSTEMS
Propulsion is the act or an instance of driving or pushing forward of a body, i.e. ship,
by a propeller (in our case a screw propeller).
a) History and Development of Screw Propeller
Time period Inventor
287-212 BC Archimedes invented his “Archimedean Screw Pumps” to irrigate the
field of Syracuse in Sicily.
1452-1519 Leonardo da Vinci had sketches of screw principle to use as a
helicopter rotor.
1661 Toogood and Hayes of Britain claimed patent for using helical
surfaces (Archimedean screws) as a propeller
1680 Hooke the English physicist suggested to use Archimedean screw for ship propulsion
21802/04 C. Steves the American used a kind of screw propeller similar to
today’s screws to propel a 7.5 m twin screw steamer.
1828 R. Wilson the Scottish farmer successfully demonstrated the first
principles
1836 P. Smith, the English farmer achieved the first practical application.
He used single bladed screw of two turns made by wood.
1836 J. Ericsson, the Swedish engineer developed fore runner of contra-
rotating propeller(i.e. two wheels of three helicoidal blades rotating in opposite direction)
1839 Smith equipped 237 ton of ship Archimedes with screw props having
a great success and this led to Paddle propulsion systems to screw
propulsion system
1840-1850 Development of steam engines contributed to effective use of screw
propellers
1845 Great Britain was the first screw propeller acrossed the Atlantic
1880 Thornycroft designed propellers similar today’s propellers
1880-1970 Basic shape of props remained unchanged
1970-1990’s Fuel crisis and environmental effects (low noise and vibrations) had
an impact on propeller shape and stern configurations as well as the
developments of unconventional propellers