Punnett square:庞纳特方格
A method used to determine the probabilities of combination in a zygote(受精卵)
Text 1. Early theories of inheritance early ideas of inheritance included Hippocrates’ theory of pangenesis and August Weismann’s germ plasm theory.
3.Mendel’s classic experiments
Mendel studied genetics through plantbreeding experiments with the garden pea, a plant species that is self-fertilizing(自受精) and breeds true(each offspring is identical to the parent in the trait of interest). 孟德尔通过豌豆实验研究遗传学，豌豆是 自花授粉植物和纯品系。
Breed true(to type):生出后代酷似其双亲 breed in and in: 近亲交配繁殖
breed out and out: (动物的)异种繁殖
breed out:在人工繁殖过程中消除(品种的特
Having been exposed to theories of the particulate nature of matter while a university student and having a background in mathematics, Mendel carried out a series of carefully planned experiments that demonstrated the particulate nature of heredity. 当他还是大学生时就提出了物质的粒子 属性理论，同时他学习数学。孟德尔进 行了一系列周密安排的实验来证实遗传 的颗粒性。
遗传学的早期理论包括Hippocrates的泛 生说和A.Weismann的种质学说。
希波克拉底(希腊文Ἱπποκράτης 英文Hippocrates of Cos II 或者
Hippokrates of Kos，约前460——前377)
被西方尊为“医学之父”的古希腊著名医生，欧洲医学奠基人，古希 腊医师，西方医学奠基人。提出“体液(humours)学说”，认为人体由血
Incomplete dominance:不完全显性 The condition in which two allelic genes have a different effect when they are together as a heterozygote in a diploid cell than either of them have in the homozygous state. Codominance:共显性 杂合体中一对等位基因的作用都表现
基于小鼠实验，维丝曼提出遗传信息储存 在配子中并将遗传信息传递给后代。
Both of these views incorporated the blending theory: they held that heritable traits of the two parents blend, so that the distinct characteristics of each are lost in offspring.
Law of independent assortment: 独立分配定律 Members of one gene pair will separate from each other independently of the members of other gene pairs.
Law of segregation:分离定律 When gametes are formed by a diploid organism, the alleles that control a trait(特征) separate from one another into different gametes, retaining their individuality(个性,个 体状态)

Pangenesis:泛生论，泛生说 The theory of heredity postulating(假设) that germs, humours(体液), or essences migrate from individual body cells to the sex organs and contribute to the gametes.
这两个早期观点合起来形成融合理论： 子代拥有父母本混合的遗传特征，而不 完全象亲代。
2. Gregor Mendel and the birth of Genetics
Gregor Mendel, an Augustinian monk in the monastery at Brunn, Austria, is known as the “father of genetics”. 孟德尔（公元1822～公元1884 ），一名奥 地利修道士，众所周知的遗传学之父.
His revolutionary ideas were neither understood nor accepted until many years after Mendel died. 直到他去世后，他的创新性理论才被理 解和接受。
孟德尔于1822年出生在海因珍多弗镇，1843年他进入奥地利布鲁 恩一家奥古斯都修道院。1847年他被任命为牧师。从1851年到1853年 在维也纳大学学习数学和自然科学。从1854年到1868年在布鲁恩现代学
和进化问题的理论探讨。他讲授达尔文进化论多年 ，直至1912年退休。
Based on experiments with mice, Weismann proposed that hereditary information in gametes transmitted traits to progeny.
Nondisjunction:不分离 The failure of separation of paired chromosomes at metaphase, resulting in one daughter receiving both and the other daughter cell none of the chromosomes in question. Nondisjunction can occur during a meiotic or mitotic division.
dihybrid cross: 双因子杂种杂交 AaBb*AaBb test cross：测交 F1*aa 确定F1是纯合 子还是杂合子 A cross between a heterozygote(异质 结合体) of unknown genotype and an individual homozygous(同型的) for the recessive genes in question.
液(blood)、粘液(phlegm)、黄胆(yellow bile)和黑胆(black bile)四种体液
组成，这四种体液的不同配合使人们有不同的体质。他把疾病看作是发展 着的现象，认为医师所应医治的不仅是病而是病人；从而改变了当时医学 中以巫术和宗教为根据的观念。主张在治疗上注意病人的个性特征、环境 因素和生活方式对患病的影响。重视卫生饮食疗法，但也不忽视药物治疗， 尤其注意对症治疗和预后。他对骨骼、关节、肌肉等都很有研究。他的医 学观点对以后西方医学的发展有巨大影响。
Homozygous:纯合的 A diploid organism that has two identical alleles for particular characteristic.
heterozygous:杂合的 A diploid organism that has two different allelic forms of a particular gene.
校担任自然科学代课教师。
与此同时，孟德尔从1856年起开始进行他的著名的植物育种实验。 1865年他推导出了著名的遗传学定律，他将定律用一篇论文表述出来， 并将论文呈交给布鲁恩自然历史学会。1866年他的成果被发表在该学会 学报上，题目是“植物杂交实验”。三年后又在同一杂志上发表了第二 篇论文。 1868年孟德尔被任命为牧师会会长，专职行政事务。 1900年，孟德尔的研究成果被发现。
Germ(种子,胚) plasm theory:种质学说 A substance thought to be transmitted in the gametes 配子(germ cells) in an unchanged form from generation to generation. The germ plasm was believed to be unaffected by the environment and to give rise to the body cells.
Lesson Four Foundations of Genetics （遗传学的建立）
Allele:等位基因 Alternative forms of a gene for a particular characteristic (e.g. attached earlobe(耳垂) genes and free earlobe genes are alternative alleles for ear shape) nonallelic genes:非等位基因