商务合同的基本结构
一、合同的前言，称为“合同的效力条款”
AAA agrees to dismiss without prejudice the lawsuit referred to in the preamble to this Agreement.
1) 合同的名称。
2) 合同各方名称，地址。
3) 订约日期及地点
4) 合同各方法律关系：买方，卖方；出让方，受让方；贷款人，借款人。
5）合同订立语句。
Both parties agree to buy and sell the following commodities according to the terms and conditions stipulated below.
This Agreement is made and concluded in duplicate in Beijing, China by and between XYX Company, a Corporation incorporated under the law of USA having its Head Office and a place of business in the city of New York, USA, (hereinafter called XYZ) as the First Party and China Dalian Corporation (hereinafter called Party B) as the Second Party.
In consideration of the mutual convents and agreements hereinafter contained, the ABC and the Purchaser agree on the following terms, conditions and provisions hereof:
This agreement was made this 12th date of October 2006 in Beijing China by and between ABC Company, a company (hereinafter referred to as the Company) and the Seiji Bank Ltd. Hong Kong Branch, a bank incorporated in Japan but registered in Hong Kong (hereinafter referred to as the Bank). Whereas the Bank has agreed to extend a Short-term Credit Facility for the purpose of providing general working capital to the Company, it was hereby mutually agreed as follows:
二、合同的正文
1. 合同种类和范围
1）合同价格，支付金额，支付方式和附带费用
Contract Price, Amount, Method of Payment, Incidental Charges
The registered capital of the Joint Venture Company shall be the same as the total amount of the investment, . million . dollars (four million and five hundred thousand . Dollars).
Party A shall, in accordance with the provisions of this Contract, pay to Party B the Technical Documentation Fee of USD 2, 400,000 (two million and four hundred thousand . Dollars only). The above price shall be firm including all expenses for sending the technical Documentation CIF Beijing Airport, Party B’s technical personnel and training of Party A’s personnel (excluding Sub-clause of Annex 3
and Sub-clause of Annex 4).
Price of the Contract
Price of the contract shall be calculated on Royalty in accordance with the content and scope stipulated in Section 2 to the contract and the currency shall be in US Dollars.
Royalty under the contract shall be paid from the month after the date of coming into force of the Contract in terms of Calendar Year. The date of settling accounts shall be December 31 of each year.
Royalty at the rate of …% (say percent) shall be calculated in terms of net selling price after the Contract Products are sold in the year, the Contract products which have not been sold shall not count.
The report of the selling quantity, net selling amount of the Contract Products and Royalty which should be paid for the past year shall be submitted to Licensor in written form by Licensee within 10 (ten) days after the date of settling accounts to Royalty. The specific methods for calculating net selling amount and Royalty are detailed in Appendix 3 to the Contract.
If Licensor demands to audit the accounts of Licensee, he should notice Licensee within 10 (ten) days after receiving the written notice from Licensee in accordance with Section of the Contract.
The specific content and procedure of auditing accounts are detailed in Appendix 4 to the Contract.
2.合同的转让条件 conditions for the assignment of Contract
If one party to the Joint Venture intends to assign all or part of its investment subscribed to a third party, consent shall be obtained from the other party to the Joint Venture and approval from the examining and approving authorities is required. When one party assigns all or part of its investment subscribed to a third party, the other party has pre-emptive right. When one party assigns its investment subscribed to a third party, the terms of assignment shall not be more favorable than those to the other party to the Joint Venture. No assignment shall be effective should there be any violation of the above stipulations.
Party B shall, in accordance with the provisions of the Contract, guarantee that he is the legitimate owner of such Know-how and such Technical Documentation as are supplied to Party A and that he is lawfully in a position to transfer the Know-how to Party A. （国际专有技术转让合同）
3. 违反合同的赔偿及责任 Liability to Pay Compensation and other Liabilities for Breach of Contract
The purchaser agrees to pay Corporation the Total Purchase Price, as follow:
The Purchaser shall, upon receipt of Corporation’s respective invoices therefore, pay to Corporation all amounts which become due by the Purchaser to Corporation hereunder, including without limitation an amount equal to taxes and duties.
If by reasons of delay on the part of the Purchaser or Purchaser’s agent or representative, any payments due to Corporation are not made in accordance with the agreed payment schedule, Corporation reserves the right to apply a late payment charge of one and one-half %) percent per month % per annum) on all overdue amounts and Purchaser agrees to promptly pay any such late payment charges which are properly due hereunder. In the event that one or more payments are delayed for sixty (60) days or more, Corporation shall have the right to stop all work under this Agreement and shall also have the right to claim such period of work stoppage and the effects thereof as excusable delay pursuant to Article 7 hereof (Excusable Delay). Purchaser agrees to reimburse Corporation for those additional reasonable costs incurred by Corporation resulting from such work stoppage(s) and restart(s). should one or more payments be delayed for one hundred and twenty (120) days or more, this Agreement may, at Corporation’s option, be deemed to be cancelled under the provisions of paragraphs (b) through (e) of Article 23 hereof (termination for Insolvency & Cancellation).
If by reasons of delay on the part of the Purchaser or Purchaser’s agent or representative, any payments due to Corporation are not made in accordance with the agreed payment schedule, Corporation reserves the right to apply a late payment charge of one and one-half %) percent per month % per annum) on all overdue amounts and Purchaser agrees to promptly pay any such late payment charges which are properly due hereunder.
Purchaser agrees to reimburse Corporation for those additional reasonable costs incurred by Corporation resulting from such work stoppage(s) and restart(s). should one or more payments be delayed for one hundred and twenty (120) days or more, this Agreement may, at Corporation’s option, be deemed to be cancelled under the provisions of paragraphs (b) through (e) of Article 23 hereof (termination for Insolvency & Cancellation).
Liabilities for Breach of Contract:
Should either Party A or Party B fails to pay on schedule the contributions in accordance with Clause 5 of this Contract, the breaching Party shall pay the other Party 10% of interest of the contribution from the month after exceeding the time limit. Should breaching Party fail to pay the contributions after 3 months exceeding the time limit, the other Party shall, in accordance with the Clause 53 thereof, have the right to terminate the Contract and to claim damages to the breaching Party.
In the event that Party B fails to complete the Works in time owning to such reasons as Party B shall be liable for, Party B shall pay a penalty for the default based on % of the total price for work per day, ., Party B shall pay one thousand two hundred and sixty (1 260) . Dollars only for day of such default.
If, under the contract, the Purchaser requests to cancel the Contract, ABC Company shall, upon written request by the Purchaser, advise Purchaser of the estimated cancellation costs for which Purchaser would be liable.
4. 合同争议解决方法
Any disputes arising from the execution of or in connection with the Contract shall be settled through mutual consultations between the Parties thereto. In case no settlement can be reached through consultations, the disputes shall be submitted for arbitration. The arbitration shall take place in Beijing, China, and shall, in accordance with its rules of procedures, be conducted by the Foreign Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission of the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade. The arbitration award shall be final and binding on the parties thereto.
Any disputes arising out of this Contract shall first be settled by the Parties hereto through consultation with their higher authorities in accordance with the spirit of mutual trust. Should such consultation fail to settle the dispute within thirty (30) days of notification to such higher authorities, mediation may be conducted by a third party selected by the Parties hereto.
The arbitration shall take place in Stockholm, Sweden, and shall be conducted by the Arbitration Institute of Stockholm Chamber of Commerce in accordance with the statues of the institute in question.
Arbitration: All disputes in connection with this Contract or the execution thereof shall be settled by negotiation between two parties. If no settlement can be reached, the case in dispute shall then be submitted for arbitration in the country of defendant in accordance with the arbitration regulations of the arbitration organization of the defendant country. The decision made by the arbitration organization shall be taken as final and binding upon both parties. The arbitration expenses shall be borne by the losing party unless otherwise awarded by the arbitration organization.
The arbitration tribunal shall consists of three arbitrators, one appointed by each Party and, if either of the Parties fails to appoint an arbitrator within the time specified in the Arbitration Rules, the Chairman of CCPIT shall make such appointment, taking into consideration the criteria set out in this Article
5. 保险条款Insurance Clause
Marine insurance policies or certificates in negotiable form, for 110% full CIF invoice value covering the risks of War & W. A. as per the People’s Insurance Co. of China dated 1/1/1976. with extended cover up to Kuala Lumpur with claims payable in (at) Kuala Lumpur in the currency of draft (irrespective of percentage).
Insurance policy or certificate settling agent’s name is to be indicated, any additional premium to cover uplift between 10% and 17% may be drawn in excess of the credit value.
This insurance must be valid for a period of 60 days after arrival of merchandise as inland destination.
Insurance to be covered against all risks including war risks as per ocean marine cargo clauses and air transportation cargo insurance clauses and ocean marine cargo war risk clauses and air transportation war risk clauses of the People’s Insurance Company of China dated…
6. 不可抗力条款 Force Majeure
The Sellers shall not be held liable for failure or delay in delivery of the entire lot or portion of the goods under this Sales Confirmation on consequence of any Force Majeure incidents.
Force Majeure: The sellers shall not be held responsible for the delay in shipment or non-delievery of the goods due to Force Majeure, which occur during the process of manufacturing or in the course of loading or transit. The sellers shall advise the Buyers immediately of the occurrence mentioned above the within fourteen days thereafter. The Sellers shall send by airmail to the Buyers for their acceptance a certificate of the accident. Under such circumstances the Sellers, however, are still under the obligation to take all necessary measures to hasten the delivery of the goods.
Should either of the Parties to the Contract be prevented from executing the Contract by force majeure, such as earthquake, typhoon, flood, fire and war and other unforeseen events, and their happening and consequences are unpreventable and unavoidable, the prevented Party shall, by fax, notify the other Party without any delay, and shall, within 15 days thereafter, provide the detailed information of the events and a valid document for evidence issued by the relevant public notary organization for explaining the reason of its inability to execute or delay the execution of all or part of the Contract. The Parties to the Contract shall, through consultations, decide whether to terminate the Contract or to exempt the part of obligations for implementation of the Contract or whether to delay the execution of the Contract in accordance with the effects of the events on the performance of the Contract.
7. 合同的有效期 Period of Validity for the Contract
This Contract shall come into force after it has been approved by the examination and approval authority of China.
This Contract shall be valid for two years after its effective date, and shall be renewable for two years thereafter.
This Contract comes into effect on the first day of the engaged party’s arrival at the AA University and ceases to be effective at its expiration. If either party wishes to renew the Contract, the other Party shall be notified in writing one month before it expires. Upon agreement by both parties through consultation, a new contract may be signed between two parties.
三、合同的结尾 Final Clauses
1. 合同使用文字及效力
This Contract is made out in two originals, each copy written in Chinese and English languages, both texts being equally valid. In case of any divergence of interpretation, the Chinese text shall prevail.
Any amendment and/or supplement to this Contract shall be valid only after the authorized representatives of both parties have signed written document(s), forming integral part(s) of this Contract.
This contract shall come into force after the signature by the authorized representatives of both parties.
This agreement is written in Chinese and English languages and is signed in triplicate by Party A and Party B as follows:
In case of difference of interpretation, the English version shall be valid for the Parties hereto.
2. 附件 Appendices
Actual names and specifications of Products are shown in Appendix 1.
Details of the information offered by Party B to Party A are shown in Appendix 2. The appendices attached hereto are made an integral part of this Contract and are
equally binding on both parties.
The annexes as listed in Articles 19 this Contract shall form an integral part of this Contract.
得险别。
国际商业合同样本(合同示范 文本) Contracts concluded in accordance with the law have legal effect and regulate the behavior of the parties to the contract ( 合同范本 ) 甲方：______________________ 乙方：______________________ 日期：_______年_____月_____日 编号：MZ-HT-005499
国际商业合同样本(合同示范文本) 买方：______ 地址：______ 邮码：______ 电话：______ 法定代表人：____ 职务：______ 国籍：______ 卖方：______ 地址：______ 邮码：______ 电话：______ 法定代表人：____
职务：______ 国籍：______ 买卖双方在平等、互利的原则上，经协商达成本协议条款，以共同遵守，全面履行： 第一条品名、规格、价格、数量 单位：______ 数量：______ 单价：______ 总价：______ 总金额：______ 第二条原产国别和生产厂：____ 第三条包装 1.须用坚固的木箱或纸箱包装。以宜于长途海运/邮寄/空运及适应气候的变化。并具备良好的防潮抗震能力。 2.由于包装不良而引起的货物损伤或由于防护措施不善而引起货物锈蚀，卖方应赔偿由此而造成的全部损失费用。
3.包装箱内应附有完整的维修保养、操作使用说明书。 第四条装运标记 卖方应在每个货箱上用不褪色油漆标明箱号、毛重、净重、长、宽、高并书以“防潮”、“小心轻放”、“此面向上”等字样和装运：____。 第五条装运日期：____ 第六条装运港口：____ 第七条卸货港口：____ 第八条保险：____ 装运后由买方投保。 第九条支付条件 按下列( )项条件支付： 1.采用信用证：买方收到卖方交货通知，应在交货日前15-20天，由____ 银行开出以卖方为受益人的与装运全金额相同的不可撤销信用证。卖方须向开证行出具100%发票金额即期汇票并附装运单据。开证行收到上述汇票和装运单据即予支付。信用证于装运日期
Both parties jointly acknowledge and abide by their responsibilities and obligations and reach an agreed result. 甲方：___________________ 乙方：___________________ 时间：___________________ 国际贸易合同
编号：FS-DY-20276 国际贸易合同 贸易合同又称契约或合约，是进口出口双方当事人依照法律通过协商就各自的在贸易上的权利和义务所达成的具有法律约束力的协议。 国际贸易合同范本 合同编号：____ ____(售方)为一方，与____(购方)为另一方，签订合同如下： 第一条合同对象 依据____年__月__日双方签订的关于合作的协议，在售方国国境车上交货条件下售方售出，购方购入货物。其数量、种类、价格及交货期均按第__号附件办理，该附件为本合同不可分割的部分。 合同总金额为_____ 第二条价格
本合同所售出货物的价格以瑞士法郎计算，此项价格系卖方国国境车上交货，包括包皮、包装和标记费在内。 第三条品质 按本合同所售出货物的品质应符合中华人民共和国国家标准或原苏联国家标准，并符合本合同附件所规定的技术条件;凭样交货的商品品质应符合双方确认的样品。 商品质量应以售方国国家商品检验局出具的品质证明书证明之。 第四条供货期 售方应在本合同附件规定的期限内发货。在征得购方同意的情况下，售方有权按双方商妥的数量和金额提前交货。 第五条标记 每个货箱均应用防水颜料在箱体的三面(上面，前面和左右)用英、俄两种文字书写以下标记：合同号，收货人，箱号，毛重，净重。 第六条支付 本合同所供应的货物之价款，由购方按照中国银行和原苏联外经银行关于边境贸易支付协议书所规定的办法及——
周勤206120220132 财务管理2班 商务合同文体特征 合同是具有法律效力的正式文件，是“两个或两个以上的当事人之间为实现一定的目的，明确彼此权利和义务的书面协议。合同属于经济文书，又称契约文书。”它是民族共同语在法律语境和商务语境中的一个具有某种特殊用途和自身规律的语言功能变体。Martin Joos按照语言使用的正式程度提出了英语的五种变体，即庄重文体（frozen-style），正式文体（formal-style），商议文体（consultative-style），随便文体（casual-style）和亲密文体（intimate-style）。一般认为商务合同英语属庄重文体，即各文体英语中正式程度最高的一种。下面从结构、词汇和句法两个方面探讨商务合同英语的文体特征。 一、合同的结构（structure of a contract） 正式书面合同文本的结构是指合同写作的规格、样式，是它同其他实用功能文体相区别的外在标志。合同一般由合同名称、约首或序言、正文和约尾四部分构成。合同名称是合同的性质、内容、种类的具体体现，根据合同内容的不同而不同，如销售合同、购买合同、赔偿合同、托运合同、代理合同等。合同的标题一定要与合同内容相一致。约首包括合同编号、订立合同的时间、缔约双方的名称、地点、电话、传真及订立合同的目的等，其表述往往程式化。要注意合同签署的地点名称，因为万一产生纠纷，当地的法律是仲裁的依据。 二、词汇特征（lexical features） （一）使用专业术语 专业术语（technical terms）具有国际通用性，意义精确、无歧义，不带有个人感情色彩，具有鲜明的文体特色。为了准确描述商务活动中的各个交易环节以及与此相关的各类单据，商务合同英语中使用了大量表意清楚的商务类专业术语。例如：The Licensor shall disclose and deliver to the Licensee the Licensor’s know-how（专有技术）as promptly as practicable after the effective date of this Agreement. 句中know-how的涵义十分精确，专指有关特许产品的生产、使用和销售及不属于专利范围的所有技术资料、设计、技术规范、生产程序、图纸和其他资料，不能与别的词混淆。同时，为了准确描述商务活动中交易双方各自的权利与义务，商务合同英语中除大量使用商务类专业术语以外，也使用了较多的法律类专业术语。 （二）使用准确、严密的用语 合同是具有法律约束力的契约文件，考虑到任何可能发生的误解或争议，措辞一定要具体、准确且严密，避免使用含糊、抽象的词语。如：
作业一：根据下列所给的中文条件，并结合所学的国际贸易实务相关知识，草拟一份英文买卖合同： 1.出口方：衡水瑞德贸易有限公司 地址：衡水市和平西路1077号 进口方：GENERAL TRADING COMPANY 地址：ZP2280，SUNFLOWER RD. NEW YORK，U.S.A. 2、货物：1000双运动鞋，男式500双，女士500双，每双CIF NEW YORK 2.5美元 3、付款方式：不可撤销即期信用证付款 4、装运:2013年5月31日前自中国港口装运，可转船，但不可分批装运(30 points) 作业二、结合CISG，谈谈你对下述case的认识On May 1 Builder asked Supplier to submit an offer for the sale to Builder of a specified quantity of bricks. Builder explained that he needed the offer to use in computing a bid on a contract to construct a building. Builder added that he must submit the bid by June 1 and that the bids would be opened and the contract awarded on June 15. On May 7 Supplier gave Builder an offer for the bricks, and Supplier used the offer in preparing his June 1 bid for the building contract. On June 10 Supplier notified Builder that he revoked his offer. On June 15 the bids were opened and Builder was awarded the contract. Builder thereupon informed Supplier that he accepted Supplier’s offer. (10 points ) 代理记帐业务约定书 甲方: (以下简称甲方) 乙方： (以下简称乙方) 经甲乙双方友好协商，自愿达成以下乙方为甲方提供会计代理服务相关事项的业务约定： 一、乙方为甲方提供以下会计代理服务：建账、记账(总分类 账、二级明细账)、填制财务报表、税务报表、国税申报、地税申报(含网上申报)。甲方如有其他服务要求，需在约定书中注明，口头商定无效。 二、甲方在每月25日至次月15日前，按时将本单位所发生合法的经济业务票据传给乙方(乙方可上门取送票据，每月壹次)并提供纳税申报所需要的各种印章(公章、财务章、人名章等)。因甲方票据传递、提供各种印章及税务机关要求的其他资料不及时，造成乙方延误各种纳税申报的，责任由甲方自负。 三、在甲方按时传递经济业务票据及按时提供各种印章的情况下，乙方应按时为甲方代理纳税申报，造成延误各税种申报的, 责任由乙方负责。 四、乙方丢失票据，书写、计算错误而引起的税务罚款及滞纳金，责任由乙方负责；甲方账外逃税、提供的虚假票据、提供原始凭证不符合规定引起的税务责任，由甲方负责。 五、甲方的出纳每月应主动与乙方会计核对银行账及现金账余额。 六、甲方在签订业务约定书的同时付款，否则无效，到期后乙方接受甲方付款的视为约定延续，若到期后未续约付款的，约定终止，双方不再相互承担责任。 七、甲方在业务约定期间内如有地址、电话、开户银行及账号、税务登记、工商登记等发生变化应在非报税期内三天、报税期内(每月25日至次月15日)当天通知乙方，不能及时通知乙方由此而产生的后果，由甲方自负。 八、业务约定到期或终止时，如果甲方聘用乙方工作人员，乙方对业务约定期间的凭证、账目、税务出现的问题概不负责。 九、甲方为：1.纯地税户2.国地税户3.一般纳税人，每月凭证不超过一本，无特殊核算要求(超出要求范围的，服务费另行协商)。 十、约定期限：年月至年月，付款方式：每，另每会计年度账本及报表资料费贰佰元，工商年检代理费贰佰元，残保金代理费贰佰元；年月日合计收取元。 十一、本业务约定书一式两份，双方各持一份，经双方签字盖章付款后生效。本约定书未尽事宜，甲乙双方应本着友好协商的态度进行协商解决。 十二、会计每月25日至次月1日联系取票据，以下列举部分单据： 1、企业本月开具的发票及与之相对应的收款凭证(进账单、现金送款单、现金收入凭单、出库 单、发票领用存情况等)； 第 1 页共 2 页
SALES CONTRACT No.:JY08125 Date: Sep.28 6,2012 The Sellers: K-BOXING Trade Co. Ltd. Address: Lang exchange Silver inscription and 19th,Yunling east road 599 Shanghai Putuo District The Buyers: Speco-produced C&A company Address: 35 west street high-tech zone San francisco in U.S.A This Sales Contract is made by and between the Sellers and the Buyers whereby the Sellers agree to sell and the Buyers agree to buy the under—montioned goods according to the terms and conditions stipulated below: Name of commodity Quantity Unit price Total Amount K-BOXING intermediate MAN SUIT 1 000 Pieces CIF 3080 USD per piece 3,080,000 USD (Three million and eighty thousand US Dollars only) K-BOXING high-class MAN SUIT 1000 Pieces CIF 4950 USD per piece 4,950,000 USD (Four million nine hundred and fifty thousand US
最新的国际贸易合同样本 国际贸易合同样本【1】 买方:________ 电传:________ 卖方:________ 电传:________ 按本合同条款，买方同意购入，卖方同意出售下述产品，谨此签约。 1.品名、规格:________ 单位:________ 单价:________ 总价:________ 总金额:________ 2.原产国别和生产厂:________ 3.包装: 须用坚固的木筱或纸箱包装。 以宜于长途海运/邮寄/空运及适应气候的变化。 并具备良好的防潮抗震能力。 由于包装不良而引起的货物损伤或由于防护措施不善而引起货物锈蚀，卖方应赔偿由此而造成的全部损失费用。 包装箱内应附有完整的维修保养、操作使用说明书。 4.装运标记: 卖方应在每个货箱上用不褪色油漆标明箱号、毛重、净重、长、
宽、高并书以"防潮"、"小心轻放"、"此面向上"等字样和装运: 5.装运日期:________ 6.装运港口:________ 7.卸货港口:________ 8.保险:________ 装运后由买方投保。 9.支付条件: 分下述三种情况: (1)采用信用证: 买方收到卖方交货通知〔详见本合同条款11(1)a〕，应在交货日前15~20天，由____________银行开出以卖方为受益人的与装运全金额相同的不可撤销信用证。 卖方须向开证行出具100%发票金额即期汇票并附装运单据(见本合同第10款)。 开证行收到上述汇票和装运单据即付以支付(电汇或航邮付汇)。 信用证于装运日期后15天内有效。 (2)托收: 货物装运后，卖方出具即期汇票，连同装运单据(见本合同第10款)，通过卖方所在地银行和买方________________银行提交给买方进行托收。 (3)直接付款: 买方收到卖方装运单据(见本合同第10款)后7天内，以电汇或航
【摘要】商务合同是商业法人之间为实现一定的经济目的、明确相互权利义务的一种文体。商务合同英语属半法律性语言，用词准确、正式、严谨，具有鲜明文体意义。本文基于典型实例分析，探讨了商务英文合同的词汇特征及翻译方法。 【关键词】商务英文合同词汇特征翻译 商务合同是商品经济的产物，它随着商品经济的产生而产生，也随着商品经济的发展而发展，是商品交换关系在法律上的体现，受到国家法律的承认和保护。在世界经济全球化和一体化的今天，国际商务活动日益频繁，贸易国法人之间为实现一定的经济利益而签订的明确规定了贸易双方的权利和义务，具有法律效力的文件——国际商务合同的重要性也越来越突出。商务合同英语既具有商务英语的特点，同时也具有法律英语的特点。本文拟从庄重正式、准确严谨和简洁明了三个角度阐述分析商务英文合同的词汇特征及其翻译方法。 一、庄重正式 Martin Joos按照语言使用的正式程度提出了英语的五种变体，即庄重文体(frozen style)，正式文体(formal style)，商议文体（consultative style），随便文体(casual style)和亲密文体(intimate style)。一般认为商务合同英语属庄重文体，即五种变体英语中正式程度最高的一种。商务英文合同的庄重正式的词汇特征体现在专业术语和外来词古体词的使用上。 1.商务专业术语 专业术语(technical term留学生论文网http://biz.doczj.com/doc/cf7401070.html, s)具有鲜明的文体特色。其意义精确、单一、无歧义，且不带有个人感情色彩。为了准确描述商务活动中的各个交易环节以及与此相关的各类单据，商务合同英语文体中使用了大量表意清楚的商务专业术语。例如，policy（保险单），negotiable（可转让的），liability（责任、义务），right of recourse （追索权），factoring（保理）等。这些专业术语可避免冗长的解释，简化交易过程，提高工作效率。 2.法律专业术语 为了准确描述商务活动中交易双方各自的权利与义务，商务合同英语中也使用了较多的法律专业的术语。狭义的法律术语指仅出现在或大多数情况下出现在法律文件中的法律科学的特有术语，此意义上的法律术语在商务合同文体中的数量不多，如：imputed negligence (转嫁的过失责任)特指可向与行为人有利害关系的人或有合同关系的另一方追究责任的过失。商务合同中这类狭义的法律专业术语不以大众是否理解或接受为转移，它是商务合同语言准确表达的保障，是其独有的现象。而广义的法律术语则包括在法律文体中被赋予特定法律意义的常用词语，如action(诉讼)，party(当事人)，financial responsibility(经济责任，指违约责任，具体可指“赔偿损失”、“支付违约金”和“支付迟延支付金额的利息”)。这类词语把握不准确的话很容易导致翻译和理解当中的模糊性，因此要格外留意。如，“The contract is concluded in case of acceptance of the offer.”很容易译为“提议一旦接受，合同随即订立。”而实际上，“acceptance”与“offer”是合同法中两个重要的法律术语，其规范的译文分别为“承诺”、“要约”，前者是指受要约人对要约内容表同意，而后者则指一方希望与另一方订立合同。 3.外来词和古体词 商务合同英语中使用的商务类专业术语有不少源于拉丁语或法语，有些则是由其词根派生或合成，许多术语都有相同的前缀或后缀。它们的意义比较稳定，利于精确地表达概念，例如：ad valorem duty (拉丁语)从价(关)税，bona fide holder (拉丁语)汇票的善意持票人，pro rata tax rate比例税率(拉丁语，即proportional tax rate)，insurance premium per capita (拉丁语)人均保险费，force majeure(法语)不可抗力，pro forma (拉丁语)估算表。
谈国际商务谈判过程中的先合同义务(doc 7页) 封面 Fashion creative company name
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国际商务谈判过程中的先合同义务 国际商务谈判是国际贸易活动中不可缺少的重要环节，是签订贸易合同的必经阶段。谈判决定着商业利益的大小，决定企业的生存发展，因此一向受到谈判双方的高度重视，常常派出精兵强将。然而很多情况下，谈判双方重视的是谈判的结果是否达到自己的目的，强调自己利益的满足，往往忽略了一个很重要的问题，即很多人以为只有签署了正式合同后才能约束双方的权利和义务，此前所交换的任何文件不是合同便不具有约束力，也就不会导致责任和义务。这种想法可能导致严重的后果。有的情况下，合同与非合同之间的界限很模糊。商事交易经常在没有明确的要约、反要约或承诺的情况下即被完成。有时，交易双方可能就主要问题达成协议，然而这个协议可能仅仅是原则性的。一些重要的问题尚未解决，该协议也就不完整。那么，合同与先合同协议有什么区别?什么时候先合同协议会生效有约束力?在现代商务交易中，一份合同通常是几轮谈判的结果，在谈判过程中，双方经常会把已经达成的共识意见付诸书面，在真正的合同签订之前达成多个协议。正式合同签署之前会有一系列非正式的协议达成，这些非正式的协议并不总是没有法律约束力
的，这就要求我们谈判人员必须认真了解跨国商务谈判过程中可能遇到的法律问题，了解不同国家关于先合同义务的不同规定，才能避免面临意想不到的责任，减少损失。 依据美国普通法，谈判自由一直是合同法的基石。商务谈判双方可以自由谈判，自由终止谈判，而不必承担责任。即使有这样的传统，美国法院也逐渐开始承认某些情况下的先合同义务。所谓先合同义务是自缔约人双方为签订合同而互相接触磋商开始逐渐产生的注意义务，包括互相协助、互相保护、互相照顾、诚实信用等义务。当一方合理的相信双方能达成最终协议时,可以适用信赖损失理论以保护无辜的一方,这也被称为禁止反言理论。据此，法院可以给予无辜一方以适当的救济，如果一方承诺签署合同并且另一方合理信赖此承诺，此时法院会认定此承诺有约束力以避免不公平状况发生。例如,当卖方提出要约并规定了承诺期限后,又无法依据要约条件履行,导致买方无法做出承诺,此时，卖方或因疏忽大意，或因非诚实信用阻止了合同的最终达成，应当承担责任。另一种情况是一方对可能影响对方做出缔约决定的情况未能履行如实告知义务时，要承担责任。如买方签订了合伙协议，因为合同对方提供的关于投入资产的价值的错误信息让买方做出缔约决定。此时买方有权获得真实信息条件下的所有利益。 以下两个具体问题是先合同义务中比较突出的，也是国际商务谈判人员需要特别注意的。 商务实践中,合同的签署不是一蹴而就的,在正式合同签署之前要经过或长或短的过程,有时甚至要经历漫长的拉锯战。这期间,谈判双方会互相交换文件、信件等先合同文书。在贸易和金融领域我们会经常看到这类文书，发挥的作用通常是鼓励或说服对方与之签订合同。这些文书可能是谈判双方发出的,也可能是第三方发给其中一方的。如母公司给银行发一封信鼓励银行贷款给他的子公司。问题是这样的非正式信件能否导致先合同义务?
国际商务合同复习资料 2、如何降低外汇风险 How to reduce the risk of foreign exchange? ①the seller can pay in the currency of his or her own country or more stable and relatively stronger currency ②The buyer can pay in weak or soft currency ③Payment in a unit of account (such as a special drawing right SDR) ④Use of a factor ⑤Use of forward and options contracts in a process known as hedging 3.为什么保护知识产权很重要？P71-P72 +后果 Why the protection of intellectual property is very important? Unique designs, methods, names, and symbols constitute industrial and intellectual property. The exclusive rights to such property are valuable. For example, a name can serve not only to distinguish your goods are services but also to extend the buyer’s trust to your entire product or service line. If another trader use your name or copy your design without your consent, you may lose not only sales but also the value of your reputation. You may even lose your exclusive rights to your name, work, or design. So the contractual protection of your exclusive rights to your industrial and intellectual property is very important. 4、合同纠纷解决要扩展(page 113) Contract dispute resolution Communication, waiver, modification and negotiation 沟通、豁免、修改、谈判Communication between you and your foreign business partner is essential to keeping the relationship. 你们和你的外国商业伙伴之间的交流是保持关系是至重要原因的。Negotiation, followed by written confirmation of any waiver or modified contract term, is the most effective means of resolution in terms of cost and time谈判,紧随其后的书面确认任何放弃或修改合同期内,最有效的手段是在成本和时间方面决议 1) Mediation调解 The process of Mediation is in essence a negotiation that is facilitated by an object third person.调解的过程,本质上是一次借助于一个对象是第三人的谈判 Advantages and disadvantages: the focus of mediation is on the future relationship of the parties.优点和缺点:调解的焦点是对未来双方的关系。 This process is informal, relatively easy and fast, and less costly than arbitration or trial.这个过程被非正式的、相对简单和快速,仲裁费用少于或审判。 Procedures: the parties typically choose a mediator or are referred to mediation by a court before litigation is pursued.
国际商务总代理协议书 模板精编 Document number：WTT-LKK-GBB-08921-EIGG-22986
国际商务总代理协议书委托方：____________________________________ 地址：____________ 邮码：____________ 电话： ____________ 总代理方：____________________________________ 地址：____________ 邮码：____________ 电话： ____________ 第一条总则 1.委托方与总代理方(被委托方)在平等、互利、自愿的原则上，经充分协商，达成总代理协议，共同信守。 2.委托人指定的总代理人系独家全权代表，委托人授权其代表可根据协议所列的条款和条件，与卖方洽淡欲引进的技术的价格及其他有关事项。 第二条定义 ________本协议________术语的意义________如下：
2·1.“佣金”系按本协议所列的条款和条件由委托人按照6·1条款支付给总代理人的佣金。 2·2.“许可证协议”，指委托人与卖方所签订的技术转让或许可证协议，包括与技术有关的于任何时候所作的补充、修改和增补的技术，由卖方出售、转让该技术并向委托方予以报价。 2·3.“价格”系指委托人为引进该项技术而支付给卖方的款额。 第三条总代理 3·1.委托人指定其总代理人，系为独家全权总代理，代表委托人与卖方洽淡引进该项技术应付的价款及有关许可证协议的条款和条件，并代表委托人联系有关事项。总代理人愿意接受此委托。 3·2.在协议有效期内，委托人不得指定其他任何人为其代理人洽淡引进该项技术的价格及有关许可证协议的条款和条件，或代表委托人联系有关任何事项。 3·3.根据协议，总代理人作为委托的独家全权代理，代表委托人洽淡本许可证的协议为引进该项目，为此，一旦成交，予以承认并生效。委托人与卖方洽淡该项技术的价格
2011.No34122 摘 要 随着经济全球化进程的加快及我国加入WTO，中国对外经济贸易往来日益频繁。商务合同是一种契约文本，属于法律文本。具有用语正式、句子严谨、措辞确切等特点。了解合同的语言特点有助于正确翻译合同文书。 关键词 商务合同 语言特点 翻译 商务合同不同于一般文学文本，它是一种法律文书和经济文件。商务合同是指有关各方之间在进行某种商务合作时，为了确定各自的权利和义务而正式依然订立的并且经过公证的，必须共同遵守的协议条文，所以合同是具有法律效力的正式文件。其具有条理性、周密性。商务合同句式讲究、用词严谨、条理清晰、在翻译的时候，应灵活运用翻译技巧并按照汉语表达习惯变动语序。这样才能连贯得表达从而达到“信、达、雅”提高译文质量。 1 商务合同的用词特点和翻译 1.1 专业术语的使用 合同是法律文件，用于不需要文学用语中的华丽辞藻，而应追求表达的专性和规范性。这就需要使用的专业词汇。专业词汇具有国际通用性、意义精确、无歧义、不带个人感情色彩，具有鲜明的文体特色。商务合同中，经常使用国际商务术语及缩略语。例如： （1）We have covered the goods against the risk of breakage,TPND,etc. 句中”TPND”指”Theft,Pilferage and Non-Delivery(偷窃及提货不着险)”。 （2）Payment will be made by irrevocable L/C at sight against presentation of shiping documents. 句中”irrevocable L/C at sight ”意思是“不可撤销的即期信用证”。 商务合同的语言特点和翻译 梁丽红 （扬州工业职业技术学院，江苏 扬州 225009） 1.2 古体词的使用 在商务合同中，我们常看到以here,there,或where为词根的古体词。这类词在现代英语口语及书面语中已经很少使用，但是在经济合同中却频繁出现。从而使句子简练严密、严肃庄重，具有法律文体风格。如：hereafter（自此，今后）、hereby(（特此，兹）、herein （此中，于此）、hereinafter （在下文）、hereof（在本文中）、thereto（另外，随附）、thereof（其中，它的）、whereas（鉴于）、whereby（凭借）、whereupon（因此，于是）等。例如： （1）The specific contents and procedures of auditing accounts are detailed in Appendix 4 hereto. 句中“hereto”一词为古体词，一般译为“在此”。译文：详细目录和审计程序见附录4. 1.3 同义词的使用 商务合同中，常把几个同义词并列使用以避免合同双方当事人按自己的意图来理解合同条文从而产生误解。翻译时，应取这两几个同义词的共议。以保证内容准确。维护法律文件的严谨性。常见的这类并列同义词有：terms and conditions （条款）、made and sign（签订）、force and effect （效力）、all and any（所有）、each and every（每一个）、approve and accept（同意、接受）、by and between （与）、fulfill and perform（履行）、save and except （除了）、final and conclusive（最终）等等。例如： If the contract shall duly perform and observe all terms,provison,conditions, and stipulations of the said contract, this obligation shall be null and void but otherwise shall be and remain in full force and effect. 的荣誉也就越高。教师对一些好学生有点“偏心”是不可避免的，那是为了爱惜人才，培养人才，是可以理解的。孔夫子“弟子三千，圣人七十”，也大概就是这种偏心的结果吧？ 笔曾调查一位任教30余年的中学老教师，他正是在教书育人的工作中，认真研究学生心理，不断加强专业知识的学习，努力提高业务水平和管理水平；坚持“因材施教”的教学原则，不断地总结经验和教训，一心一意为学生服务，为党和人民的教育事业做出了突出的贡献。这位老师在30余年的教学生涯中，教初中18年，送初中毕业生890人，教高中12年，送高中毕业生580人。在初中和高中的教学工作中一直担任班主任和语文教学工作。其中班主任工作先后有5届获省、县级模范班主任的称号。教学工作年年居平行班第一名。笔者追踪调查，在他所教的初、高中学生1470人中，现有496人在大专院校继续深造；有325人在县以上党政机关和教育、卫生、国土、广播电 视、水电、水利、部队等部门工作；有276人在县以下各单位工作和担任中小学教师职务；有186人担任了乡正级以上的领导干部；有82人种承包地致富；有105人经商。他所教的1470个学生，都在不同的岗位上为国家效力。这位老师一生从事教育工作的经历、经验和成果有力地证明：教师只要有渊博的知识，高尚的道德情操，在工作中注重研究学生个性心理、社会心理、品德心理，真正做到爱生如子，“因材施教”，教学工作精益求精，不断开拓进取，就一定能够在教书育人工作中干出成绩来。 参考文献 [1]《研究性学习的国际视野》 钟启泉著[2]《个性心理学概论》 高玉祥著[3]《德育心理学概论》 朝进之著 [4]《管理心理学》 丽莲.吉尔布雷斯著[5]《活的教育》 陈鹤琴著
合同编号：YT-FS-9597-53 国际商务谈判过程中的先合同义务(完整版) Clarify Each Clause Under The Cooperation Framework, And Formulate It According To The Agreement Reached By The Parties Through Consensus, Which Is Legally Binding On The Parties. 互惠互利共同繁荣 Mutual Benefit And Common Prosperity
国际商务谈判过程中的先合同义务 (完整版) 备注：该合同书文本主要阐明合作框架下每个条款，并根据当事人一致协商达成协议，同时也明确各方的权利和义务，对当事人具有法律约束力而制定。文档可根据实际情况进行修改和使用。 [摘要] 国际商务谈判不仅仅是商务问题，更重要的是涉及法律问题。在合同正式签署之前谈判双方负有先合同义务，这很容易被谈判人员忽视。这包括谈判过程中双方交换的文书、信件等，有些国家的法院会根据具体情况认定这些非正式文件具有约束力。另外，缔约过失责任原则要求谈判双方不能恶意终止谈判，否则要为给对方造成的信赖损失承担赔偿责任。国际谈判人员有必要了解不同国家对先合同义务做何不同规定，以避免意想不到的损失，将交易风险降到最低。 [关键词] 商务谈判先合同文书缔约过失责任合同先合同义务
国际商务谈判是国际贸易活动中不可缺少的重要环节，是签订贸易合同的必经阶段。谈判决定着商业利益的大小，决定企业的生存发展，因此一向受到谈判双方的高度重视，常常派出精兵强将。然而很多情况下，谈判双方重视的是谈判的结果是否达到自己的目的，强调自己利益的满足，往往忽略了一个很重要的问题，即很多人以为只有签署了正式合同后才能约束双方的权利和义务，此前所交换的任何文件不是合同便不具有约束力，也就不会导致责任和义务。这种想法可能导致严重的后果。有的情况下，合同与非合同之间的界限很模糊。商事交易经常在没有明确的要约、反要约或承诺的情况下即被完成。有时，交易双方可能就主要问题达成协议，然而这个协议可能仅仅是原则性的。一些重要的问题尚未解决，该协议也就不完整。那么，合同与先合同协议有什么区别?什么时候先合同协议会生效有约束力?在现代商务交易中，一份合同通常是几轮谈判的结果，在谈判过程中，双方经常会把已经达成的共识意见付诸书面，在真正的合
The obligee in the contract can accomplish the goal in a certain period by discussing the agreed rights and responsibilities. 甲方：___________________ 乙方：___________________ 时间：___________________ 国际贸易合同
编号：FS-DY-69398 国际贸易合同 其他合同范本由提供，请详细参考； 本协议于_____年_____月_____日签订，协议双方为：_____（卖方名称），系根据a国法律正式组成并存在的公司，设于_____（卖方地址）（以下称“卖方”）和_____国_____股份有限公司，系根据_____国法律正式组成并存在的公司，设于_____（地址），（以下称_____）。 鉴于“卖方”愿意发展他在_____（生产地）和其他国家制造的、并以他的商标和专名销售的产品的出口业务； 鉴于“卖方”愿委任_____作为他的独家经销商，按照本协议中的条款销售此种产品； 为此，考虑到双方在本协议中所作的诺言和所商定的各条款，并考虑到下面所提出的，双方声明已经同意的，相互之间的其他有效对价，特订立协议如下： 第一条定义
一、产品：本协议中所称“产品”，系指“卖方”制造并以其商标和专名销售的产品（产品名称）。 二、地区：本协议中所称“地区”，系指_____（地区名）和随时经双方以书面同意的其他地区。 三、商标和专名：本协议中所称“商标”和“专名”，系分别指_____（商标的全称和专名的全称）。 第二条经销权 “卖方”兹给予_____以独家进口，并以“商标”和“专名”向“地区”内客户销售“产品”的权利。 第三条专营权 一、交易：“卖方”不得将“产品”售予、让予或以其他方式使“地区”内_____以外的任何个人、行号或公司取得“产品”。 二、委任：“卖方”不得委任“地区”内_____以外的其他个人、行号或公司作为其经销商、代表人或代理人，以进口和销售“产品”。 三、询购：“卖方”收到“地区”内任何客户有关“产品”的询购，均应交给_____。 四、再进口：“卖方”应采取适当措施防止他人在“地区”
英语知识 摘要：加入世贸组织后，中国的对外贸易和经济技术合作得到迅速发展，对国际商务合同的翻译研究，将成为我们翻译工作者的一个重要课题。本文以语用分析为依据，从英汉语言差异的比较出发，介绍英文商务合同中较为复杂的长句的常用翻译方法和技巧。 关键词：商务合同；长句；语用分析；翻译 引言 翻译国际商务合同等法律文件已成为当前研究的一门课题。国际商务合同一经依法订立，就成为一种法律文件而对缔约各方具有法律约束力，成为国际商务活动中解决争议的法律依据。国际商务合同周密严谨、句式较长的语言特点给国际商务合同的翻译提出了极其严格的要求。本文以语用分析为依据，从英汉语言差异的比较出发，通过例句说明此类文书中较为复杂的长句的常用翻译方法和技巧。 一、合同语言的句式特点概述 “合同或协定是具有法律效力的正式文件，用语必须准确、规范……法律文件是规定缔约各方应该做些什么，而不是提出问题和进行商榷”(廖瑛，2002)。合同的作用在于明确陈述和规定不同当事人在有关活动中的权利和义务，因此从句式的使用上来看，合同一般采用陈述句，而不使用疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。完整的长句的使用可以准确界定这种权利和义务关系，排除被曲解或误解的可能性。 法律文件具有条理性、周密性。从语用的角度来看，每一种情况，或条件、或要求、或断定都要顾及到种种可能发生的情况，种种设定，种种意外，种种解决办法。“一个句子常常要照顾到
千变万化的情况，自然就长。长句排列组织不好，就容易引起混乱、误解、歧义”(傅伟良，2002)。商务合同具有句式讲究、用词严谨、条理清晰、长而不乱、逻辑性强的特点。将英文合同文本译成中文时，应尽可能保留合同作为法律语言的上述特点。例如： The Parties，adhering to the principle of e-quality and mutual benefit and through friendly consultation，desire to exert all their efforts in co-operating with each other and agree to jointly in-vest to set up a joint venture enterprise in Changsha，the P. R. China for the purpose of expanding international economic cooperation and technological exchange on a mutually beneficial and profitable basis. 本句虽长，但人们可以一目了然地看到这是一个一主(The Parties)二谓(desire和agree)的简单句，两谓之后各接一个不定式短语作宾语。主语之后接一个分词短语作后置定语，且句子的主语又是分词的逻辑主语，条理清楚，逻辑严密，行文流畅，此句译为： 双方本着平等互利原则通过友好协商，愿尽全力相互合作，共同投资，在中华人民共和国长沙市建立合资经营企业；在互惠互利的基础上，扩展国际经济合作和技术交流。 二、简单长句及其翻译 英文商务合同中使用的大量长句，主要分为三大类：简单长句、复合长句和并列长句。英汉两种语言的句子在措辞、语序、结构上各有特点。大致说来，英语句子长，动词较少，词序灵活，讲究平衡；而汉语句子短，动词多，语序较固定，讲究对称。在翻译英文商务合同中的简单长句时，首先要正确理解各种相关成分的逻辑关系；然后再适当切分，理出句子的主干成分，翻译时以句子的主干为主导；最后再按汉语表达习惯，变动语