1 Main Differences Between Chinese and English in Translation 英汉两种语言的主要差异及翻译 Tasks for this lecture 1. Distinguish English and Chinese in features; 2. Master some skills and methods in translation such as term of respect and polite expressions both in Chinese and English 3.Convertions from different elements in translating. Classroom Discussion 1.Name at least four striking differences between Chinese and English individually then discuss your work with your partners. You will be asked to make a presentation about your discussion. (C1) Han and Zang Language 聪明一世，糊涂一时。 发现错误，一定要改正。 C3. Paratactic(意合） C4. no inflection C6. wide use of no-subject clause C5. some fixed word order and sentence order. 物价稳定，市场繁荣。 一、小结:英汉两种语言特点不同 英语属于印欧语系(Indo-European Language)，汉语属于汉藏语系(Han and Zang Language)。 英语是一种逐渐从综合型(synthetic)向分析型(analytic)发展的语言； 汉语则是以分析为主(analytic –oriented)的语言。 英语重形合(hypotatics)，汉语重意合(paratatic) 。 英语造句常用各种形式手段连接词、语、分句或从句；注重显性接应（overt cohesion)， 注重句子形式，注重结构完整，注重以形显义等。 由内向外、由小到大、由近及远、由微观到宏观、由个别到整体、有具体到抽象 头痛医头，脚痛医脚。 敬语与谦语的翻译 敬请光临 东西方思维的差异与翻译视角转换 ―翻译的内在规律在于人脑的思维,深入研究翻译中的思维活动将是译学研究的突破口‖ (董史良) 翻译活动的基础是人类思维规律的共同性,翻译的本质是不同思维形式的转换. 思维和语言之间存在着一定的对应关系,思维的方式决定着语言的表达方式; 东西方不同的思维方式必然影响着汉语和英语的不同表达形式。 句子结构以主语和谓语为核心，统摄各种短语和从句，由主到次，递相迭加，结构复杂，但形散而意合，形成了―树叉形‖的句式结构。 汉语句子结构犹如：大江流水，后浪推前浪。 英语句子结构犹如：参天大树，枝繁叶茂。 翻译过程中，必须相应调整译文的句子结构，以适应英美读者的思维方式和英语表达习惯。 东方民族的综合思维方式，使得中国人注重整体和谐，强调―众多归一‖的思维方式； 句子结构以动词为中心，以时间顺序为逻辑语序， 横向铺叙，层层推进，归纳总结，形成―流水型‖的句式结构。 句子的次要语义部分放在句首，重心放在句末。 西方民族的分析型思维方式，使得西方人注重逻辑分析，惯于―由一到多‖的思维方式； 句子的语义重心放在句子的开头，次要语义部分放在句子末尾。 东西方不同的思维方式，往往导致不同的思维视角倾向。表现在语言上，即不同的民族有可能采取完全不同，甚至相反的语言形式来描述同一事物、行为或现象。翻译时必须转换思维视角，调整词语的表达方式或句子结构。 三、英汉视角转换与词性转换 Let Joe please himself. The lack of furniture had accentuated the feeling of space 乔爱怎么着就怎么着吧 2

―由于家具少，地方显得更宽敞。‖ Definition By conversion it is meant that in translation of an element of a certain type/class in the SL text is not necessarily to be turned into an element the same type/class in the TL text, i.e. no correspondence of element types/classes between the two languages is necessary in translating. An element often has to be converted into a different element type/class so as to conform to the usage of the TL due to differences in syntactic structures and idiomatic expressions of the two languages. 4 Types of Conversion Conversion into Verb转译成动词；Conversion into nouns转译成名词Conversion into adjectives 转译成形容词 Conversion into adverbs 转译成副词 三、英汉视角转换 Most things are difficult before they are easy. ——英文思维：大多数事情在容易之前是难的。 ——汉语思维：万事开头难。 I have no opinion of him. ——英文思维：我对他没有意见。 ——汉语思维：他给我的印象太坏；我对他的印象太坏。 I have her ears. ——英文思维：我有她的耳朵。或：中文思维：她听我的话。 Are you a father? ——英文思维：你是父亲吗？——汉语思维：你有孩子吗？ That’s all I want to hear. ——英文思维：这是我想听到的全部。 ——汉语思维：够了，别再说了。 The monk is only not a dead man.——英文思维：这和尚只是一个还没死的人。 ——汉语思维：这和尚简直跟死人一样。 英汉两种语言的视角不同表现在许多方面 汉语说―跪下‖，英语说―fall on one’s knees‖ 汉语说―生前‖，英语说―before one died‖ 汉语说―睡懒觉‖，英语说―sleep late‖ 汉语说―救命啊！来人哪！‖，英语说―Help! Help!‖ 汉语说―抓小偷！‖，英语说―Stop thief!‖ 汉语说―禁止通行‖，英语说―No Thoroughfare‖（没有通道） 汉语说―未经允许任何车辆不得入内‖， 英语说―Authorized Cars Only‖（只有获得许可的车辆方可进入） 汉语说―顾客止步‖，英语说―Employees Only‖ 汉语说―油漆未干‖，英语说―Wet Paint‖ 汉语常在无人售票车写明―恕不找零‖，英语说―Please Tender Exact Fare‖ 汉语说―他的工作很忙‖，英语说―He is busy‖（不能说―His work is busy.‖） 汉语说―她的身体看上去很健康‖， 英语说―She looks very healthy‖（不能说―Her body looks very healthy.‖） 汉语说―这栋楼质量不好‖ 英语说―This building is of poor quality.‖（不能说―The quality of this building is very poor.‖） 汉语说―大雪‖，英语说―heavy snow‖，不是―big snow‖。 汉语说―红茶‖，英语说―black tea‖，不是―red tea‖。 汉语说―红糖‖，英语说―brown sugar‖，不是―red sugar‖ 汉语说―浓茶‖，英语说―strong tea‖，不是―thick tea‖ 汉语说―浓墨‖，英语说―thick/dark ink‖，不是―strong ink‖ 汉语说―浓烟‖，英语说―heavy / dense smoke‖，不是―strong smoke‖ 汉语说―红眼病‖，英语说―green-eyed‖，不是―red-eyed‖。 汉语说―装穷‖，英语说―poor-mouth‖，不是―pretend to be poor‖ 汉语说―大风‖，英语说―strong wind; gale‖，不是―big wind‖ 汉语说―大雨‖，英语说―heavy rain; downpour‖，不是―big rain‖ 3

汉语说―闯红灯‖，英语说―run a red light‖，不是―go through a red light‖ 汉语说―不论晴天还是下雨‖，英语说―rain or shine‖，不是―shine or rain‖ 汉语说―黄金时间‖，英语说―prime time‖，不是―golden time‖ 热点:、后门 以质量求生存、求发展、求效益 Strive for survival, development and efficiency on the base of quality 接轨be brought in line with; adapt oneself to 第三产业Tertiary industry 强强联手Win-win cooperation 按资排辈assign priority according to seniority 传销Pyramid selling; multi-level marketing 讲诚信，反欺诈Honor credibility and oppose cheating 违章建筑Squatter house 举报电话Informants’ hot-line telephone 挖墙角Undermine the foundation of sth; cut the ground from under sb’s face 看好Be bullish / think highly of 唯利是图Draw water to one’s mill 跳楼价Distress merchandise 偷税、漏税、逃税、抗税Tax evasion, tax fraud, and refusal to pay taxes 泡妞Chase after the girls; have affair with woman 第三者Paramour/ the third person, the third wheel 水货、打假、官倒 Guandao抢购 Panic buying科技扶贫 Help the poor by teaching them know-how 三陪Escort service 三陪妹 B-girl (吃东西容易)上火Excessive internal heat 抠门Penny-pinching 休夫Say the D word to one’s husband 破烂王garbage dump combers/rag picker 外出打工人员Migrant workers 夜(便)壶Low-or, poor-quality goods/shoddy goods 练摊Learn to do business/practise buying and selling 超生游击队 Transient population (drifters) who want more children than permitted by the policy of family control 阿混 idlers 换换脑筋Do some brain-washing 豆腐渣工程 Jrry-build project 上马Start a project 中国国情China’s actual conditions 与国际接轨Be in line with international norms 以人为本people foremost 龙头产品Flagship product 多党合作Multi-party co-operation in exercising State power 扫黑Sweep away the ―Black‖,ie. secret societies 讲政治Be politically minded; be political aware 包二奶Have a concubine 二奶Kept woman 傍大款Be mistress for a rich man; lean on moneybags 艳遇find a sugar daddy 楼花An encounter with a beautiful woman 楼盘Certificate of ownership for housing which is not yet built 青春损失费Dallymony 福利分房BuildingWelfare-orientated public housing distribution system 集资房Houses build on the funds collected by the buyers 新潮人物Swinger 泡吧Indulge oneself for a long time in bars 指尖恋爱E-mail loving; finger tip love 片面追求升学率 Place undue emphasis on the proportion of students entering schools of a higher level 论文答辩Oral defense 免考Exemption