第一章 土的物理性质及工程分类1.1 解:(1)A 曲线:卵石或碎石 (>20mm )占100﹣77=23% 砾粒 (20-2mm )占 77﹣50=27% 砂粒 (2-0.075mm )占 50﹣10=40%粉粒 (<0.075mm )占 10%(2)A 曲线较平缓,说明A 土土粒粒度分布范围广,颗粒不均匀,故级配良好;而B 土曲线较A 土曲线陡,说明其粒度分布范围窄,土粒均匀,故级配不良。
(3)A 土08.0d 10= 6.0d 30= 3.6d 60= 55408./06.3/d d 1060u >===C25.10.08)/(3.6(0.6))/()(26010230c =⨯=⨯=d d d C 在1-3之间,故A 土级配好 B 土15.0d 10= 35.0d 30= 74.0d 60= 59.474/0.15.0/d d 1060u <===C1.100.15)/(0.74(0.35))/()(26010230c =⨯=⨯=d d d C 只满足一个条件,故级配不良1.2 解:119g s =m 8g 119-127m m m s w ==-= %72.6119/8/m s w ===m w0.6371-760.0672)/1.(112.71)/(1=+⨯⨯=-+=ρw ρG e w s 3cm /76g .172/127/===V m ρ3w s sat cm /04g .2637).0(1/637).07.(2e)(1/)(=++=++=ρe G ρ 3w sat cm /04g .1'=-=ρρρ 3cm /65g .172/119/===V m ρs d38.9%0.637)0.637/(1)/(1=+=+=e e n5%.282.7/0.6370.0672=⨯==/e wG S s r比较密度:sat ρ>ρ>d ρ>'ρ1.3 解:s v V V = , 1==s v /V V e3/4.13)11/(1068.2)1/(m kN e G w s d =+⨯=+=γγwv V V =3/4.18)11/(10)168.2()1/()()1/()(m kN e e d e V G w s w v s sat =+⨯+=++=++=γγγ%3.3768.2/1/1//=====s v w s s w w s w G G V V W W w γγ1.4 解:设31m V =kN V W d s 11=⋅=γ3407.0)107.2/(11)/(m d W V w s s s =⨯==γ3593.0407.01m V V V s v =-=-=s w W W w /= kN 5.5115.0=⨯=⨯=s w W w W355.010/5.5/m W V w w w ===γ3043.055.0593.0m V V V w v a =-=-=1.5 解:饱和土 s G w e ⨯=)1/()(e e G w s sat ++=γγ即 s G e 4.0= 10)1/()(18⨯++=e e G s 以上两式联立求解 解得 05.1=e 65.2=s G1.6 解:s s s w W W W W W w /)(/-== 可求得%16=w 时,N W 64.21=时土粒的质量N w W W s 655.18)16.01/(64.21)1/(=+=+=其中水量为N W w W S w 985.2655.1816.0=⨯=⨯=当%25'=w 时,土中水量为N W w W s w 664.4655.1825.0''=⨯=⨯= 因此增加的水量N W w 679.1985.2664.4=-=∆1.7 解:设饱和土为31m V = 1=+=w s V V V饱和土6.0//===s s w s w G V V W W w 由上两式联立可得: 382.0=s V 618.0=w VkN G V W w s s s 314.10107.2382.0=⨯⨯==γ kN W w W S w 186.631.1060.0=⨯=⨯=当%15=w 时, 需要土kN W w W S 86.11314.1015.1)1(=⨯=+= 其中水量 kN wW W S w 547.1314.1015.0=⨯== 故增加水的重量为kN W 64.4547.1186.6=-=∆1.8 解:1=e s v V V e /= S v V V = 31m V = 35.0m V V S v ==v w r V V S /= 34.05.08.0m V S V v r w =⨯=⨯=当水蒸发掉一半时32.02/4.02/m V V w w === 9.0/2.0/''==r w v s V V%2.72722.09.0/2.05.0==+=V1.9 证:w W W W W W W W V W V W s w s s s s d ==-=-=-=-//)(1/1)//()/(1/γγ1.10 解:663.011.17/))073.01(1065.2(1/)1(=-+⨯⨯=-+=γγw G e w s33min /9.14/0149.02000/85.29/m kN cm N V W s d ====γ)1/(/max min e G w S d +=γγ )1/(1065.29.14max e +⨯= 779.0m a x =e 33min /3.16/0163.02000/5.32/m kN cm N V W s d ====γ)1/(/min min e G w S d +=γγ )1/(1065.23.16min e +⨯= 626.0min =e758.0)626.0779.0/()663.0770.0()/()(min max max =--=--=e e e e D r %2.29663.0/073.065.2/=⨯=⨯=e G S w s r γ1.11 解:在压实以前 419.0)72.01/(72.0)1/(=+=+=e e n在1m 2的地基面积中,土粒体积为391.25)419.01()1(m V n V S =⨯-=-= 在压实以后,土粒体积减少33.0m381.0)3.05/()91.23.05(/)(=---=-=V V V n S616.0)381.01/(381.0)1/(=-=-=n n e此时583.0)52.075.0/()616.075.0()/()(min max max =--=--=e e e e D r1.12 解:g m w 81523=-= %3.53533.015/8/====s w m m w162440=-=-=P L p w w I 813.116/)2453()/()(=-=--=P L P L w w w w I 1710<<P I 粉质粘土 1>L I 流态1.13 解:(1)A 土30=P I > B 土11=P I 故A 土粘粒含量多(2)由)/1/()1()1/()1(r s w s w s S G w w d e w G ⨯++⨯=++⨯=γγγ 因为是饱和土 1%100==r S A 土 3/97.16)69.253.01/()53.01(1069.2m kN =⨯++⨯=γB 土3/03.20)71.226.01/()26.01(1071.2m kN =⨯++⨯=γB 土的天然重度大 (3))1/(w d +=γγ A 土 3/09.11)53.01/(97.16m kN d =+=γ B 土3/89.15)26.01/(03.20m kN d =+=γB 土的干重度大(4)因为是饱和土 s G w e ⨯= A 土 43.169.253.0=⨯=e B 土 70.071.226.0=⨯=e A 土的孔隙比大1.14 解:因为大于2mm 粒径的土粒占总质量的%50%16)511(<=+。
按表1-7颗粒级配所示属砂土,而>2mm 粒径的颗粒只占总质量%25%16<,故该土样不是砾砂,而>0.5mm 粒径的颗粒占总质量%50%55)3916(>=+,故该土样定名为粗砂。
第三章土中的应力3.1 解:细砂、粗砂分界线处:16.4349.2CZ kPa σ=⨯= 粗砂 2/311e n n e e n=→==+- 3(1) 2.6510(10.2)19.08/112/3S w G w kN m e γγ+⨯⨯+===++水位线处49.219.08 2.494.8CZ kPa σ=+⨯= 粗砂与粘土分界处3()(2.652/3)1019.9/112/3S w sat G e kN m e γγ++⨯===++94.8(19.910) 2.1115.6CZ kPa σ=+-⨯=粘土0.60.6 2.73 1.638w w w s S S S m V Vw e m G V V ===→==⨯=⋅ 3()(2.73 1.638)1016.56/11 1.638S w sat G e kN m e γγ++⨯===++粘土与泥岩分界处115.6(16.5610)3135.28CZ kPa σ=+-⨯= 泥岩顶面135.2810 5.1186.28CZ kPa σ=+⨯=3.2 解:见图结论:随着地下水位的下降,土有效应力增大,使得变形会增加。
3.3解:(1)填土前总应力σ(kpa) 孔隙水压力u(kpa)有效应力'σ(kpa)(3)填土后土层完全固结总应力σ(kpa) 孔隙水压力u(kpa)有效应力'σ(kpa)3.4 解:对基地面积为36m m ⨯, 0200P kPa =对基地面积为12m m ⨯, 0200P kPa =结论:随着深度增加,土的附加应力减小;基础面积越小,减小的速度越快。
3.5 解:(a )Ⅰ区:l/b=2,Z/b=4, αⅠ=0.048Ⅱ区:l/b=3,Z/b=4, αⅡ=0.060Ⅲ区:l/b=1.5,Z/b=2, αⅢ=0.1065 Ⅳ区:l/b=1,Z/b=2, αⅢ=0.0841234()14.9Z P kPa σαααα=+++=(b )Ⅰ区:l/b=2,Z/b=1.33, αⅠ=0.170Ⅱ区:l/b=6,Z/b=4, αⅡ=0.07312() 4.85Z P kPa σαα=-=(c )Ⅰ区:l/b=1,Z/b=2.67, αⅠ=0.055Ⅱ区:l/b=2,Z/b=2.67, αⅡ=0.138 Ⅲ区:l/b=1,Z/b=1.33, αⅢ=0.138 Ⅳ区:l/b=3,Z/b=4, αⅢ=0.0601234()10.95Z P kPa σαααα=++-=3.6 解:甲基础作用下:Z=6.5m ,基地附加应力300 2.520250A P kPa =-⨯=A 处l/b=0.6/0.6=1,Z/b=6.5/0.6=10.83, C α=0.042440.0042250 4.2ZA C A P kPa σα==⨯⨯=同理B 处122()2(0.020.015)250 2.5ZB A P kPa σαα=-=⨯-⨯= C 处122()2(0.0130.0062)250 3.4ZC A P kPa σαα=-=⨯-⨯= 乙基础作用下:Z=7.5m ,基地附加应力300 1.520270A P kPa =-⨯= A 处2(0.0160.01125)270 2.57ZA kPa σ=⨯-⨯= B 处40.00275270 2.97ZB kPa σ=⨯⨯= C 处2(0.010.0046)270 2.92ZC kPa σ=⨯-⨯= 故 4.2 2.57 6.77ZAkPa σ=+=∑ 2.5 2.97 5.47ZBkPa σ=+=∑3.4 2.926.32ZCkPa σ=+=∑3.7 解:10/>b l 24/8/==b z αc Ⅰ=0.1375 10/>b l 42/8/==b z αc Ⅱ=0.076522/4/==b l 42/8/==b z αc Ⅲ=0.0474A :z σ=(αc Ⅰ+αc Ⅱ-αc Ⅲ)×p 0=(0.1375+0.0765-0.0474)=0.2614×200=33.32kPaB :z σ=(αc Ⅰ+αc Ⅱ+αc Ⅲ)×p 0=(0.1375+0.0765+0.0474)=0.2614×200=52.28kPa3.8 解:求U 形基础形心座标,以X 轴为对称轴矩形A Ⅰ A Ⅰ=3×6=18m 2X Ⅰ=1.5m y Ⅰ=0矩形A Ⅱ,A Ⅱ=A Ⅲ=1×3=3 m 2X Ⅱ=X Ⅲ=4.5m y Ⅱ=2.5m y Ⅲ=-2.5m∑=⨯⨯+⨯=3545.4325.118m X A i i ∑=⨯+=2243218m A i∑∑===m A X A x i i i 25.224/54/则偏心距 m e 25.0225.2=-=基础左端边缘距形心轴y ’距离为m c 25.21= 基础右端边缘距形心轴y ’距离为m c 75.32=截面惯性距43235.58252.23123112/275.0363612/1m I =⨯⨯⨯+⨯⨯+⨯⨯+⨯⨯= 3112625.2/5.58/m c I W === 3226.1575.3/5.58/m c I W ===kPa W M A F p 07.326/25.06024/60//11=⨯+=+= kPa W M A F p 54.16.15/25.06024/60//12=⨯-=-=3.9 解:堆载处:Z=4m ,b1=10m.,b2=4ml/b>10,z/b1=0.4,z/b2=1,查表3.3得120.244,0.205C C αα==1202()2(0.2440.205)40031.2Z C C Pk P a σαα=-=⨯-⨯= 条基:00()100G FP d kPa Aγγ=+-= l/b>10,z/b=3/1=3, C α=0.099440.09910040Z C A P kPa σα==⨯⨯=31.24071.2ZkPa σ=+=∑3.10 道理同前,20.4Z kPa σ=3.11 解:0/=b x 5.12/3/==b z 查表2-64.0=sz α 01.0=sx α 竖向有效应力=竖向有效自重应力+竖向附加应力kPa p sz z 601504.00=⨯==ασkPa z y cz 303)1020('=⨯-==σ竖向有效应力=60+30=90kPa水平向有效应力=水平向有效自重应力+水平向附加应力kPa K cz cx 12304.00=⨯==σσkPa p sx zx 5.115001.00=⨯==ασ水平向有效应力=12+1.5=13.5kPa3.12 解:(1)三角形荷载abd 在M 点所产生的附加应力 Mbf t cMb Maf t z p p p 2002023ααασ--=22.05.4//1==a a b 15.4/5.4/==a a b z 0375.02=Maf t α 33.03//1==a a b 5.13/5.4/==a a b z 0290.02=Mbf t α 3/3/1==a a b 5.4/5.4/==a a b z 051.0=cMb α000010035.02029.0051.030375.0p p p p z =⨯--⨯=σ(2)三角形荷载ghn 在M 点所产生的附加应力 nMH t cHh gHG t z p p p 2001022ααασ+-=33.03//1==a a b 5.13/5.4/==a a b z 0215.01=g G H t α 3/3/1==a a b 5.4/5.4/==a a b z 0510.0=c H h α 67.05.1//1==a a b 35.1/5.4/==a a b z 0163.02=n M H t α 000020083.00163.0051.020215.0p p p p z =+-⨯=σ 0021012.0)0083.00035.0(p p z z z =+=+=σσσ0000)367(20)245(20)174(20128.00163.02029.02300375.0223p p p p p p p t z t z =⨯+⨯⨯-⨯=+⋅-⋅=ααασ第四章 土的压缩性及地基沉降计算 4.1 解:(1)628.01)9.19/)2.01(107.2(1)]/)1([0=-+⨯⨯=-+=γγw G e w s571.07.0]20/)628.01[(628.0]/)1[(10001=⨯+-=+-=s h e e e 551.0)7.095.0()]7.020/()571.01[(571.0]/)1[(21112=-⨯-+-=+-=s h e e e(2)11221212.01000)100200/()551.0571.0()/()(--=⨯--=--=MPa p p e e a MPa a e E s 85.72.0/)571.01(/)1(21121=+=+=--(3)MPa a 2.021=-,属中压缩性。