scope of phonetics

articulatory phonetics

auditory phonetics
acoustic phonetics

articulatory phonetics 发音语音学 From the speaker’s point of view： studying how a speaker uses his or her speech organ to articulate sounds （ 研究语音的产生）



当声带分离时，气流容易通过，由此产生的语 音叫清音（voiceless），如 [p, s, t]。 当声带贴近时，气流使其产生震动 （vibration），形成的声音成为浊音 （voicing），如[ b, z, d]。 当声带完全紧贴时，气流无法通过，不发出声 音。

pharyngeal cavity: Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing, which is a feature of all vowels and some consonants in English.
2.1 the phonic medium of language

two media of language : speech and writing Sounds which are meaningful in human communication constitute the phonic medium of language.
2.2.2 speech

organs (发音器官)
speech organs: vocal cords & three cavities the pharyngeal cavity 咽腔 — the throat the oral cavity 口腔 — the mouth the nasal cavity 鼻腔 — the nose
口腔：包括舌头（tongue), 小舌(uvula)， 软腭(soft palate)，硬腭(hard palate)，齿龈 (teeth ridge)，牙齿(teeth)和嘴唇(lips)。

口腔是气流产生变化最明显的地方，而其 中舌头是最灵活的部位。舌背和软腭相摩 擦发出[k, g]；舌前和硬腭相摩擦发出[j]；舌 尖和上齿龈摩擦发出[t, d]。此外，上齿和下 唇相摩擦可发出[f, v]；双唇间可发出[p, b]。

2.3 phonology 2.3.1 phonetics and phonology 2.3.2 phone，phoneme，and allophone 2.3.3 phonemic contrast ,complementary distribution and minimal pair 2.3.4 some rules in phonology 2.3.5 suprasegmental featuresFra bibliotek
auditory phonetics 听觉语音学 From the hearer’s point of view: studying how the sounds are perceived by the hearer ( 研究语音的感知)


acoustic phonetics 声学语音学 From the way sounds travel: studying how sounds are transmitted through air from one person to another （研究语音的物理特征）

2.2.1 What is phonetics?

phonetics :
—— the study of the phonic medium of language; —— the study of how speech sounds are produced and classified； —— studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. speech production speech perception speaker A speaker B

When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration, the sounds produced in such a condition are voiceless.

Chapter 2 Phonetics & Phonology
Phonetics & Phonology

2.1 the phonic medium of language 2.2 phonetics 2.2.1 What is phonetics? 2.2.2 speech organs 2.2.3 orthographic representation of speech sounds 2.2.4 classification of English speech sounds

2.2.2 Organs of speech Throat pharyngeal cavity
articulatory apparatus The oral cavity mouth
Nasal cavity nose

咽腔: 气流从肺部(lungs)发出, 经过气管 (windpipe), 到达气管顶部的声门(glottis)。 声门里有两个声带（vocal cords），一般 处于三种状态： 分离（apart）；贴近( close together)；完全贴紧(totally closed)。