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5.a carrier or mounting which provides mobility and stability for the machine. 保持机器移动性和稳定性的运载工具或底盘。 6. a revolving deck or turntable which contains the power and control units. 包含动力和控制单元的可旋转舱面或转盘。 7. a front end attachment which serves the special functions in an operation. 在操作中提供特殊功能服务的前置附加装置。
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Drilling and Blasting 钻孔和爆破 25. Rock excavation is an audacious task requiring special equipment and methods. 岩石开挖是一项艰难的工作，需要特殊的设备和方法。 26. The degree of difficulty depends on physical characteristics of the rock type to be excavated, such as grain size, planes of weakness, weathering, brittleness and hardness. 这项工作的难以程度依赖于要开挖的岩石类型的物理性质。 例如粒径大小、软弱位面、风化度、脆度和硬度。 27. The task of rock excavation includes loosening, loading, hauling and compacting. 岩石开挖任务包括松散、装载、拉动和压实。 28. The loosening operation is specialized for rock excavation and is performed by drilling, blasting or ripping. 松散操作只是针对岩石开挖的，通过钻孔、爆破或者（人工） 劈凿实现。
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29.Major types of drilling equipment are percussion drills, rotary drills, and rotary-percussion drills. 钻孔设备的主要类型包括冲击钻、旋转钻和旋转冲击钻。 30.A percussion drill penetrates and cuts rock by impact while it rotates without cutting on the upstroke. 冲击钻的工作原理是在其旋转式依靠冲击力刺入和切削岩石，在它向 上挑的时候并不切削岩石。 mon types of percussion drills include a jackhammer which is handheld and others which are mounted on a fixed frame or on a wagon or crawl for mobility. 普通形式的冲击钻包括一个手提钻和为了便于移动而安装在固定框架 或货车或爬行器的其他部分。 32.A rotary drill cuts by turning a bit against the rock surface. 旋转钻的工作原理是使岩石表面旋转位移。 33. A rotary-percussion drill combines the two cutting movements to provide a faster penetration in rock.. 旋转冲击钻是结合了两种切削mounting for all machines in Figure 3-3 is referred to as crawler mounting, which is particularly suitable for crawling over relatively rugged surfaces at a job site. 图3-3中所示机器的底盘形态都是履带式底盘，尤其适用 于在地面比较崎岖的施工现场爬行。 9. Other types of mounting include truck mounting and wheel mounting which provide greater mobility between job sites, but require better surfaces for their operation. 其他底座的类型包括卡车式底盘和轮子式底盘，在施工现 场具有更大的移动性，但是它们运行需要比较好的路面情 况。
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Excavation and Loading 开挖和装载 3.One family of construction machines used for excavation is broadly classified as a crane-shovel as indicated by the variety of machines in Figure 3-3. 用于开挖的施工机械家族的主要类型是起重式挖掘机，如图 3-3所示的各种机器。 4.The crane-shovel consists of three major components: 起重式挖掘机由三个主要的部分组成：
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带吊钩的起重机
蛤壳/抓铲
索斗铲/拉铲
反铲挖土机
铲子/正铲
打桩机
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12. A tractor consists of a crawler mounting and a non-revolving cab. 拖拉机包括一个履带式底盘和一个不可转动的驾驶舱组成。 13. When an earth moving blade is attached to the front end of a tractor, the assembly is called a bulldozer. 当把推土板安装到拖拉机的前段时，这样的装置就叫做推 土机。 14. When a bucket is attached to its front end, the assembly is known as a loader or bucket loader. 把铲斗连接在它的前段，这样的装置就成了装卸机或者叫 铲斗式装卸机。 15. There are different types of loaders designed to handle most efficiently materials of different weights and moisture contents. （目前）已经有不同种类的装卸机被设计出来用以有效地 处理不同重量和水分含量的材料。
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Compaction and Grading 压实和平整场地 19. The function of compaction equipment is to produce higher density in soil mechanically. 压实设备的作用就是通过机械使土产生跟高的密度。 20.The basic forces used in compaction are static weight, kneading, impact and vibration. 在压实过程中使用的基本力是静重力、捏合力、冲击力和震 动力。 21. The degree of compaction that may be achieved depends on the properties of soil, its moisture content, the thickness of the soil layer for compaction and the method of compaction. 可能达到的压实度取决于土质、土的含水量、所压实土层的 厚度以及压实的方法。
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16. Scrapers are multiple-units of tractor-truck and blade-bucket assemblies with various combinations to facilitate the loading and hauling of earthwork. 铲运机由拖拉机式卡车和刮板式铲斗多个部分装备结合而 成，易于完成土方工作的装卸和拖运。 17. Major types of scrapers include single engine two-axle or three axle scrapers, twin-engine all-wheel-drive scrapers, elevating scrapers, and push-pull scrapers. 铲运机的主要型号包括单引擎双轴或三轴铲运机、双引擎 全驱动轮的铲运机、升运式铲运机、推拉式铲运机。 18. Each type has different characteristics of rolling resistance, maneuverability stability, and speed in operation. 每一种型号运行时的滚动阻力、机动稳定性以及速度方面 各具特色。
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10. The revolving deck includes a cab to house the person operating the mounting and/or the revolving deck. 转盘包括一个容纳人操作底盘和/或转盘的驾驶室。 11. The types of front end attachments in Figure 3-3 might include a crane with hook, claim shell, dragline, backhoe, shovel and pile driver. 图3-3中前置的附加装置大致包括：带吊钩的起重机、蛤壳、 索斗铲、反铲挖土机、铲子和打桩机。