第十二章国际商事合同基本结构与一般条款概述
教学目标:了解国际商事合同的结构、基本条款、文体特点,掌握国际商事合同的翻译原则与要点。
课堂讲练:
一、国际商事合同概述
1、定义与种类
国际商事合同(International Commercial Contract),是营业地处于不同国家当事人之间为达成商业目的而订立的,对当事各方都有法律约束力的协议。较为常见的国际商事合同包括:国际货物买卖合同(International Sales Contract)、国际销售代理合同(International Agency Contract)、国际技术转让合同(International License Contract for Transfer of Technology)、国际商业定期贷款合同(International Contract for Commercial Term loan)、国际保险合同(International Insurance Contract)、国际工程承包合同(International Contract for Construction project)、国际租赁合同(International Leasing Contract)、补偿贸易合同(Compensation Trade Contract)等等。
尽管内容不同,但作为国际商事往来基本法律文件,其结构、一般性条款与文体特点方面,仍然存在一定的固定模式,甚至相通之处。
2、国际商事合同的基本结构与常用条款概述
国际商事合同种类繁多,内容因人因事各异,但基本结构与常用条款相对统一与固定,具有格式化的特点。一般来说,可以分为首部、正文、尾部:
1)首部/约首(The Head/Non-operative Part)
任何一份国际商事合同的首部都是用于说明合同的“人、事、时、地”四个要素,又包括:
(1)、封面(Cover of the Contract)
国际商事合同应加封面,以示正式并达到保存合同的目的,封面内容通常应包括㈠、当事人(二)、合同标题(三)、签订日期.
例如:
Dated May 9,2004
A Co., Ltd
and
B Co., Ltd
Collateral Management Agreement
(2). 合同标题( Title of the Contract)
在说明合同类型,合同正文前面应有标题, 该标题应与封面标题完全一致.
(3). 合同编号(Contract \Agreement Number)
合同编号一般置于合同标题的下方或右下方,也可以将合同编号置于标题的右上方,即合同第一页的右上角,合同编号方式可以由合同各方自行协商确定,没有统一格式.
(4)、前提(Commencement),包括两部分内容:①、合同当事人基本信息,如合同双方名称、国籍、营业地点、住所等;②、有关合同签订的基本信息,比如合同号、签订日期、地点。这些内容通常通过格式化的条款来表达:
例1、1).This Contract is made and entered into on April 7, 2004(签订日期)in Beijing City(地点), by and between Beijing Motor Limited Company(hereinafter referred to as Party A), incorporated and existing under the Company Law of the PRC with its domicile at Beijing, and Dream Sales Limited Company(hereinafter referred to as Party B), incorporated and existing under the Newyork Corporations Code, USA with its domicile at Newyork City(合同当事人基本信息).
2).THIS AGREEMENT is made on ________ in _______ by and among:
(1)Cherry Automobile Co.Ltd., a company duly established under the laws of the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”), with its Head Office at No.1, Cherry Road, Northeast District, Wuhu City, 601122 (hereinafter referred to as the Party A);
(2)Xinhua Automotive Finance (China) Limited, a company duly established under the laws of PRC, with its Head Office at 32nd Floor, Shanghai Information Tower, 211 Century Avenue, Pudong New District, Shanghai 200120 (hereinafter referred to as the Party B); and
(3)Noka Sales Co.Ltd., a company duly established under the laws of PRC, with its Head Office at _____________________________ (hereinafter referred to as the Party C).
请注意,①、当事人名称第一次出现在合同当中一定要写明全称,只有在其后加注(hereinafter referred to as the Party A/B/C)的情况下,在后面重复出现时才能称呼为甲方、乙方等。②、如果当事人是法人,应标明其主要机构所在地,主要有:总部(Head Office\Principal Executive Office)、法定地址(Domicile)、营业地(A Place of Business)、注册地(Registered Office)。
③、如果当事人是法人,应标明其性质或类型,各国公司法对此有不同的划分标准,如我国公司法下的分类为:有限责任公司(Limited Liability Company)、股份有限公司(Joint Stock limited Company)英国公司法的分类大致为:不上市(或私人)有限公司(Private Limited Company, 即Ltd.,在股东人数限制与股东责任方面,与我国有限责任公司类似,但没有最低资本要求)、公众有限公司(Public Limited Company, 即Plc.,与上市的股份有限公司类似),在美国,会同时使用“Company”和”Corporation”表达“公司”的意义,并且存在区别,”Corporation”一般指按照公司法正式注册成立的公司,而“Company”一般指不很正式的公司,比如行会性质组织或合作社等。在英国,“Company”则指按照公司法正式注册成立的公司。
(2)、引述语/前言/鉴于条款(Whereas Clause)
该条款通常以Whereas 开头,所以称鉴于条款,意为“considering that”, 用来说明订立合同背景、目的、意图,根据英美法“禁止反言”(ESTOPPEL FROM REPRESENTATION)的原则,当事方都不能主张与其内容相反事实,所以,就法律意义而言,该条款可以作为法院或仲裁机构解释合同的依据。当然,有无该条款,并不影响合同的效力。
例2、(1). Party A, a non-banking financial institution whose incorporation has been approved by China Banking
Regulatory Commission, may grant a buyer’s credit facility according to law for the purpose of financing the payments for the products of Party B;
(2). Party B and Party C entered into the Vehicle of GM Brand Dealer Sales&Service Agreement, according to which Party C, as the dealer authorized by Party B, may purchase the vehicles from Party B.
(3). Party A, Party B and Party C hereby unanimously agree that Party A provide a facility to Party C for the purchase of the vehicles by Party C from Party B.
NOW THEREFORE, Party A, Party B and Party C, through adequate consultation on the basis of equality and out of their free will, agree as follows in respect of the facility granted by Party A to Party C for its purchase of the vehicles from Party B.