国际经济学之名词解释Chapter 31.Absolute advantage（绝对优势）:A country has an absolute advantage ina production of a good if it has a lower unit labor requirement(aLW 单位产品劳动投入) than the foreign country in this good.parative Advantage（相对优势）: A country has a comparative advantage in producing a good if the opportunity cost of producing that good in terms of other goods is lower in that country than it is in other countries.3.Opportunity Cost（机会成本）：The opportunity cost of roses in terms of computers is the number of computers that could be produced with the same resources as a given number of roses.4.The unit labor requirement： the number of hours of labor required to produce one unit of output, such as aLW (wine) and aLC (cheese)5.Production Possibilities frontier（生产可能性边界）： The production possibility frontier (PPF) of an economy shows the maximum amount of a good (say wine) that can be produced for any given amount of another (say cheese).Chapter 41.Abundant factor: the resource of which a country has a relatively large supply(labor in home,land in foreign)2.Biased expansion of production possibilities: when the production possibility frontier shifts out much more in one direction than in the other.3.Equalization of factor prices: when Home and Foreign trade, the relatives prices of goods converge. This convergence, in turn, causes convergence of the relative prices of land and labor.4.Heckscher-Ohlin theory: It shows that comparative advantage is influenced by Relative factor abundance (refers to countries) and Relative factor intensity (refers to goods)It is also referred to as the factor-proportions theory.5.Scarce factor: in that country, and the resource of which it has a relatively small supply( land in Home, labor in foreign)Chapter 51.Biased growth: Biased growth takes place when TT (a country’s production possibility frontier) shifts out more in one direction than in the other.2.Isovalue lines(等价线) : It is a line along which the market value of output is constant by an equation of the form: PCQC ＋ PFQF = V. The higher values of output, the farther out an isovalue line lies.3.Indifference curves（无差异曲线）: Each traces（表明） a set of combinations of cloth (C) and food (F) consumption that leave the individual equally well off.4.Terms of trade : The price of the good a country initially exports divided by the price of the good it initially imports.5.Export-biased（出口偏向） growth: home experiences growth biased toward cloth and disproportionately expands a country’s PP in the direction of the good it exports.6.Import-biased growth （进口偏向）: It disproportionately expands a country’s PP in the direction of the good it imports.7.Immiserizing growth （贫困化的经济增长）: A situation where export-biased growth by poor nations can worsen their terms of trade so much that they would be worse off than if they had not grown at all.8. Import tariffs are taxes levied on imports9.External price: goods are traded internationally10.Export subsidy(出口补贴）：payments given to domestic producers who sell a good abroad.Chapter 61.Dumping(倾销): the most common form of price discrimination in international trade.2.External economies of scale(外部规模经济) :the cost per unit depends on the size of the industry but not necessarily on the size of any one firm.3.Infant industry argument: the argument for temporary protection of industries to enable them to gain expensive.4.Internal economies of scale(内部规模经济) the cost per unit depends on the size of an individual firm but not necessarily on that of the industry.5.Interindustry trade: the exchange of manufactures for food.6.Intraindustry trade: the exchange of manufactures for manufactures.7.Knowledge spillovers: Knowledge is one of the important input factors in highly innovative industries.bor market pooling（劳动力共享市场）: A cluster of firms can createa pooled market for workers with highly specialized skills.9.Oligopoly（寡头垄断） : There are several firms, each of which is large enough to affect prices, but none with an uncontested monopoly.10.Price discrimination: The practice of charging different customers different prices.Chapter 71.Direct foreign investment: international capital flows in which a firm in one country creates or expands a subsidiary in another.2.Factor movements: international movements of factors of production.3.Intertemporal production possibility frontier跨时生产可能性: Imagine an economy that consumes only one good and will exist for only two periods, which we will call present and future.Chapter 81.Ad valorem tariff(从价关税): taxes that are levied as a fraction of the value of the imported goods.2.Consumption distortion loss（消费扭曲损失）: a tariff leads consumers to consume too little of the good.3.Export restraint: Limit the quantity of exports.4.Nontariff barriers: modern governments usually prefer to protect domestic industries.5.Production distortion loss（生产扭曲损失）:the tariff leads domestic producers to produce too much of this good.6.Specific tariff:(从量关税):taxes that are levied as a fixed charge for each unit of goods imported.Chapter 91.Optimum tariff （最优关税）：by convention the phrase optimum tariff is usually used to refer to the tariff justified bu a terms of trade argument rather than to the best tariff given all possible considerations.。