上海交通大学附属中学2018-2019学年第一学期高三英语摸底考试卷II.Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections:After reading the passages below,fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct.For the blanks with a given word,fill in each blank with the proper form ofthe given word;for the other blanks,use one word that best fits each blank.(A)Space is a dangerous place,not only because of meteors but also because of rays from the sun and other stars.The atmosphere again acts(1)__________our protective blanket on earth.Light gets through,and this is essential for plants(2)__________(make)the food which we eat.Heat,too, makes our environment endurable.Various kinds of rays come through the air from outer space,but enormous quantities of radiation from the sun(3)__________(screen)off.As soon as men leavethe atmosphere they are exposed to this radiation but their spacesuits or the walls of their spacecraft, (4)__________they are inside,do prevent a lot of radiation damage.Radiation is(5)__________(great)known danger to explorers in space.The unit of radiationis called"rem".Scientists have reason to think that a man can put up with far more radiation than0.1rem without(6)__________(damage);the figure of60rems has been agreed on.The troubleis(7)__________it is extremely difficult to be sure about radiation damage-a person may feel perfectly well,but the cells of his or her sex organs may be damaged,and this will no be discovered (8)the birth of deformed children or even grandchildren.Missions of the Apollo flights have had to cross belts of high amount of rems.So far,no dangerous amounts of radiation have been reported,but the Apollo missions have been quite short.We simply do not know yet(9) __________men are going to get on when they spend weeks and months outside the protection ofthe atmosphere,working in a space laboratory.Drugs might help to decrease the damage(10) __________(do)by radiation,but no really effective ones have been found so far.(B)Before I went to the British Koi Keepers’Annual Show,I didn’t understand(1)______ people could take fish so seriously.However,the more I learned about koi,the more interested I became.As one expert told me,“Collecting koi is far more addictive than you might think.They’reas beautiful as butterflies and very calming to watch.”Freddie Mercury,the lead singer of Queen, would have agreed----the pool in his specially built Japanese garden was home to89koi,(2) __________cost up to£10,000each.At the show I met koi euthusiast Jean Kelly.“Koi are getting more and more expensive,”shetold me.“One recently sold for£250,000.”I was shocked-----that’s almost as much as I paid for my house.“Well,that was a record,”(3)__________(admit)Jean.“The normal price is nowhere nearas high as that.”Nevertheless,serious collectors can pay up to￡15,000for a fully(4)_______(grow)koi, which is nearly as expensive as a new luxurious car,and the bigger they are,the more they cost.The cheapest I(5)________find was￡75each,but they were only about twice as big as my goldfish. Jean wasn’t impressed by one of the koi on sale either.“Actually,these koi aren’t any nicer than(6)_______,”She commented.“(7)_______they are slightly bigger than the ones I’ve got,I paid considerable less than this.”I wasn’t quite as enthusiastic as Jean,but I did consider(8)________(buy)one.Then I remember that all but5of Freddie Mercury’s koi died when someone accidentally turned off the electricity supply to their pool.Jean assured me that with all the new equipment available the survival rate was getting better and better,and that looking(9)______koi was no harder than taking care of any other pet.However,in the end of I decided to stick with my goldfish.They’re not nearly as beautiful as koi—but they’re a great deal cheaper(10)______(replace)!Section BDirections:Complete the following passage by using the words in the box.Each word can only be used once.Note that there is one word more than you need.A.associatedB.likelyC.decreasesD.abstractE.limitF.funG.contributesH.consistentlyI.favorablyJ.reasonedK.averageThe Beadles sang that money can't buy you love.But what about happiness?Research(41)______shows that the more money people have,the more likely they are to report being satisfiedwith their lifes.And that makes sense:money buys you things that make life easier and more satisfying;the easier your life,the happier you tend to be.That relationship isn’t entirely linear,since there's a(n) (42)______to how much money can please you;the happiness benefit of an increasing income is especially powerful among people who don’t have much money to start with,and(43)______as wealth increases.But studies also reveal that as(44)______income levels have risen over time inthe U.S.and European nations.For example---residents of those countries have not reported being any happier than people were30or40year ago.It's a paradox that while income and happiness may be(45)______within a population at any given moment,overall economic growth does not appearto corresponded to a boost in national satisfaction over time.To understand why,researchers at the University of Warwick and Cardiff University decidedto break down how individual people evaluate their income.What does wealth mean to people? Previous work has suggested that people tend to value their own wealth more-and are happier-whenit compares(46)______to everyone else's.The so-called reference-income hypothesis holds that itis not simply how much money you make that(47)______to satisfaction,but how much more money make than,say,the national average.The higher your salary than the norm,the happier you tend to be.But the reference-income hypothesis is rather(48)______.The researchers wondered whether there was a more concrete way to capture how people valued their income.They(49)______that people tended to make specific comparisons of personal wealth,not only with the average incomeof the larger population,but with the individual incomes of their neighbors,colleagues from college. And the higher their rank,the greater their sense of happiness and self-worth would(50)______ be."For example,people might care about whether they are the second most highly paid person orthe eighth most highly paid person,in their comparison set.”write the author,Chris Boyce,a psychologist at the University of Warwick.III.Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections:For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D.Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.The beauty,majesty and timelessness of a primary rainforest are incredible.It is impossibleto51._______on film,to describe in words,or to explain to those who have never had the awe-inspiring experience of standing in the heart of a primary rainforest.Rainforests have52.______over millions of years to turn into the incredible complex environment they are today.Rainforests represent a store of living and53._______renewable natural resources that for eons,by virtue of their richness in both animal and plant species,have54._______a wealth of resources for the survival and well-being of mankind.These resources have included basic food supplies,clothing,shelter,fuel,species,industrial raw material,and medicine for all those who have lived in the majesty of the forest.55._______the inner dynamics of a tropical rainforest is an intricate and fragile system.Everything is so56._______that upsetting one part can lead to unknown damage or even destruction of the whole.Sadly,it has taken only a century of human intervention to destroy what nature designed to57._______forever.The scale of human58._______on ecosystems everywhere has increased in the last few decades.Since1980the global economy has tripled in size and the world population has increasedby30percent.Consumption of everything on the planet has risen--at a cost to our59._______.in 2001,the World Resources Institute estimated that the demand for rice,wheat and corn is expectedto grow by40%by2020,increasing irrigation water demands by50%or more.The further reported that the demand for wood could double by the year2050,60._______it is still the tropical forestsof the world that supply the bulk of the world’s demand for wood.In1950,about15percent of the Earth’s land surface was covered by rainforest.Today,morethan half has already gone up in61._______.in fewer than fifty years,more than half of the worlds tropical rainforests have fallen62._______to fire and the chainsaw,and the rate of destruction isstill accelerating.Unbelievably,more that200,000acres of rainforest are burned every day.That is more that150acres lost every minute of every day,and78million acres lost every year!More than20percent of the Amazon rainforest is already gone,and much more is vanishing at a rate of20,000 square miles a year.If nothing is done to curb this63._______,the entire Amazon could well begone within fifty years.Massive64._______brings with it may ugly consequences--air and water pollution,soil erosion,malaria epidemics,the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and the65._______of biodiversity through extinction of plants and animals.Fewer rainforests mean less rain,less oxygen for us to breathe,and an increased threat from global warming.51.A.present B.capture C.claim D.prove52.A.changed B.evolved C.expanded D.existed53.A.energizing B.healing C.isolating D.breathing54.A.contributed B.stored C.reduced D.affected55.A.However B.Furthermore C.Therefore D.Otherwise56.A.active B.sensitive C.interdependent D.delicate57.A.restore B.support C.revive st58.A.pressure B.power C.concern D.strength59.A.existence B.ecosystem C.planet D.survival60.A.unfortunately B.consequently C.naturally D.similarly61.A.store B.food C.smoke D.wealth62.A.subject B.down C.apart D.victim63.A.trend B.practice C.decrease D.attitude64.A.destruction B.industrialization C.modernization D.deforestation65.A.appearance B.explosion C.loss D.increase Section BDirection：Read the following three passages.Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)The definition of the standard kilogram is almost fundamentally wrong.Getting the definition right is a challenge that has tried the patience and intelligence of scientists for decades.Scientists use just seven basic units to define all the other quantities we use—quantities suchas speed or electric power.All of those basic units except the kilogram are themselves defined according to natural properties that are beyond human control.For example,the standard second(time)is defined as a specific number of vibration of a typeof radiation sent out by atoms of a special metal.The standard metre(length),in turn,is defined asthe length of the path light travels during a specific fraction of a second.Not so the kilogram.This orphan of the basic unit family is simply the mass of a small platinum-iridium alloy cylinder（铂—铱合金筒）locked away in a container maintained by the International Bureau of Weights&Measures in Sevres,France.Embarrassingly,the last time the copies were brought to Sevres for a checkup in the1980s, officials found that some copies had gained about20parts per billion in weight compared to the master cylinder since the previous checkup in the1940s.This implies that the master cylinder itself may be an inconstant standard.No one knows what causes the weight changes.But the uncertainty can’t be tolerated when precision(精密度)in research and some manufacturing now demands accuracy to a few parts per billion.Several efforts in several different countries are under way to redefine the kilogram in terms of basic physical quantities such as counting the actual number of atoms of a specific substance in a kilogram or the electromagnetic force that balances a kilogram mass against gravity.A project of the latter type at the laboratories in Gaithersburg,Md.,hopes eventually to define mass by means of electrical units.So far,none of these redefinition projects has borne fruit.They require the very accuracy of measurement and control of experimental conditions.The slightest pollution,tiny vibration,or other influence--even changes in weather--can ruin results.Y ou’vegot to hand it to scientists who are willing to devote many years to such painstaking but extremely important research.66.Which of the following best paraphrases the sentence“Not so kilogram”in paragragh4? A．The kilogram is not as accurate as the standard second.B．The kilogram is not universally accepted in the world.C．The kilogram is not defined in terms of natural properties.D．The kilogram is not well defined as time and length.67.Which of the following can NOT be concluded from the passage?A．Experiments are being carried out to redefine the kilogram.B．The uncertainty in the standard kilogram can seriously affect some research.C．The redefining of the standard kilogram is quite complicatedD．Scientists will achieve success in redefining the kilogram in the near future68.According to the passage,to define the weight of mass in terms of electrical units________.A．is one of the best methods to redefine the kilogram.B．has been accepted as the only possible redefinition projectC．is not as simple as what people can understandD．has been considered by some scientists as a better approach69.We can know form the passage that the redefinition of the kilogram is________.A．more important in keeping market honesty.B．worth years of scientists’painstaking research.C．the urgent requirement of business and manufacturing.D．bring about important and fruitful results.（B）Stewart Island Ferry ServicesWhile most visitors spend at least one night on Stewart Island,it is also readily accessible by ferry as a day excursion from Invercargill and Bluff.Experience Foveaux Strait in comfort and style on board our express catamarans.During the one-hour crossing between Bluff and Stewart Island keep a lookout for wildlife,especially seabirds. Watching mollymawks(albatross)soaring behind the ferry is a fantastic sight.Interesting landmarks commonly seen include Dog Island Lighthouse,Ruapuke Island,Titi Islands and Mt Anglem-Stewart Island’s highest point.Free tea and coffee on boardInterpretation handouts are available(English only).Wheelchair access availablePersonal baggage is carried free on the ferries-max.two bags per person(one stowed and one small carry-on).Additional baggage is by prior arrangement.V ehicle parking available at Bluff(extra cost-reservations recommended)“20%Multi-Purchase REW ARD”on Return Ferry ServicesBuy2or more different excursions and SA VE20%off all lower priced!Kids Go FREE on selected departures during NZ School Holidays!Kids Go FREE for travel20April-5May2013.70.If leaving a car at Bluff,a traveler had better_________.A．refer to the handouts first B．use wheelchair accessC．make a reservation D．park it30minutes before departure time71.John,who went to Stewart Island on Dec.28th,got to the ferry dock at7:55am.When did hemost probably leave Bluff?A．At8:00a.m..B．At9:30a.m..C．At11:00a.m..D．At3:00p.m..72.Which of the following is false about the ferry services?A．Tea and coffee are free for passengers.B．Children go free for travel for about15days.C．Travelers are sure to see some seabirds during the crossing.D．Passengers have to pay extra cost for extra pieces of luggage.（C）Like every dog,every disease now seems to have its day.World Tuberculosis(infections disease in which growths appear on the lungs)Day is on Saturday March24th.Tuberculosis was once terribly fashionable.Dying of"consumption"seems to have been a favorite activity of garret-dwelling19th-century artists,h has,however,been neglected of late. Researchers in the field never tire of pointing out that TB kills a lot of people.According to figures released earlier this week by the World Health Organization,1.6million people died of the diseasein2005,compared with about3m for AIDS and l m for malaria.But it receives only a fraction ofthe research budget devoted to AIDS.America’s National Institutes of Health,for example,spends20times as much on AIDS as on TB.Nevertheless,everyone seems to getting in on the TB-day actthis year.The Global Fund an international organization responsible fur fighting all three diseases but best known for its work on AIDS,has used the occasion to trumpet its tuberculosis projects.Thefund claims that its anti-TB activities since it opened for business in2002have saved the lives ofover1m people.The W orld Health Organization has issued a report that contains some good news. Although the number of TB cases is still rising,the rate of illness seems to have stabilized;the caseload,in other words,is growing only because the population itself is going up.Even drug companies are involved.In the run-up to the day itself,Eli Lilly announced a$50m boost to its MDRTB Global Partnership.MDR stands for multi-drug resistance,and it is one of the reasons why TB is back in the limelight.Careless treatment has caused drug-resistant strains to evolve all over the world.The course of drugs needed to clear the disease completely takes six mouths,anti persuading people lo stay that course once their symptoms have gone is hard. Unfortunately,those infected with MDR have to be treated with less effective,more poisonous and more costly drugs.Naturally,these provoke still more.non-compliance and thus still more evolution.The other reason TB is back is its relationship to AIDS.The(global Fund’s joint responsibility for the diseases is no coincidence.AIDS does not kill directly.Rather,HIV,the virus that causes it, weakens the body’s immune system and exposes the sufferer to secondary infections.Of these,TBis one of the most serious.It kills200000AIDS patients a year.However,some anti-TB drugs interfere with the effect of some anti-HIV drugs.Conversely,in about20%of cases where a patienthas both diseases,anti-HIV drugs make the tuberculosis worse.The upshot is that125years after human beings worked out what caused TB,it is still a serious threat.73.The first sentence“Like every dog,every disease now seems to have its day.”means_______.A.every dog enjoys good luck or success sooner or laterB.human beings can deal with problems caused by diseaseC.Tuberculosis becomes a serious infection diseaseD.people attach importance to Tuberculosis recently74.By referring to AIDS in Paragraph2,the author intends to show________.A.the US government is reluctant to spend millions of dollars on TuberculosisB.the death rate of AIDS is higher than that of TuberculosisC.the officials didn’t pay much attention to the research of Tuberculosis in the pastpared with AIDS,Tuberculosis can be cured effectively75.Which of the following is best defines the word“upshot”(Line6,Para5)?A.OutcomeB.UpholdC.AchievementD.Project76.Which of the following proverbs is closest in meaning to the message the passage tries to convey?A.Forgive and forgetB.Forgotten,but not goneC.When the wound is healed,the pain is forgottenD.Every dog is brave at his own doorSection CDirections:Read the following passage and choose the most suitable statement from A-F for each blank.There are two extra statements,which you do not need.A.The critical abilities are beginning to develop in adolescence.B.Their view on life usually falls on two extremes.C.Of all periods of life,this is what may best be called the“plastic age”.D.They are basically timid or self-conscious.E.Despite that,it is also in this periods that strong ties between teachers and students develop.F.Fundamentally they want to be kept busy but they refuse to admit it.Adolescents refer to boys and girls at high-school level--more specifically the second,third and forth years of high schools.In dealing with students at this level,we must bear in mind that to some degree they are at the difficult stage,generally called adolescence.Students at this level are likely to be confused mentally.They usually find it hard to concentrate on what they intend to do and often have romantic dreams._________77_______They lack frankness and are usually very easily affected by their own emotions but hate to admit it.They are driven either by greater ambition,probably beyond their capability,or by extreme laziness caused by the fear of not succeeding or achieving objectives._________78_________.They are willing to work,but they hate to work without obtaining the result they think they should obtain.Regarding school issues,although they seldom say so,they really want to be consulted and given an opportunity to direct their own affairs,but they need a good amount of guidance.They seldom admit that they need this guidance and they frequently rebel against it.But if it its intelligently offered they accept it with enthusiasm.As to personal beliefs,most of adolescents are trying to form political ideals and they have a tendency to be sometimes extremely idealistic,and at other times conventional,blindly accepting what their fathers and grandfathers believed in._______79________.On the one hand they are too modest and on the other hand unreasonably boastful.They tend to be influenced more by a strong character than by great intelligence.__________80_________.Having a better understanding of the characteristics and needs of young people at this age is a task that falls both on educators and other people involved.It may also help the young go through this difficult and critical stage of life in a more constructive manner.IV.Summary WritingDirections:Read the following passage.Summarize the main idea and the main point(s)of the passage in no more e your own words as far as possible.When I was quite young,my father had one of the first telephones in our neighborhood.I remember well the polished wooden case fastened to the wall on the lower stair landing.But my first personal experience with this genie-the-receiver came one day while my mother was visiting a neighbor. Amusing myself at the tool bench in the basement,I hurt my finger with a hammer.The pain was terrible,but there didn’t seem to be much use crying,because there was no one home to offer sympathy,I walked around the house,and finally arrived at the stairway.The telephone!Quickly Iran for the footstool and dragged it to the landing.Climbing up,I unhooked the receiver and held itto my ear,“Information Please,”I said the mouthpiece just above my head.A click or two and a small clear voice spoke into my ear,“Information.”“I hurt my finger…”I cried into the telephone..The tears came readily enough now that I had an audience.“Isn’t your mother home?”came the question.“Nobody’s home but me.”I sobbed.“Are you bleeding?”“No,”I replied.“I hit my finger with the hammer and it hurts.”“Can you open your icebox?”she asked.I said I could.“Then chip off a little piece of ice and holdit to your finger.That will stop the hurt，Be careful when you use the icepick(冰锥).”she said，“And don’t cry.You’ll be all right.”After that I called Information Please for everything.I asked her for help with my geography,and she told me where Philadelphia was,and the Orinoco,the romantic river that I was going to explore when I grow up.She helped me with my arithmetic,and she told that my pet chipmunk—I had caught him in the park just the day before—would eat fruit and nuts.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________60V.Translation:81.正是那位作家对他说的一番话激起了他投身于写作。