定语从句详解 Prepared on 24 November 2020定语从句（AttributiveClauses）一：定义 (AttributiveClauses)：在复合句中，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引导的，用作定语来修饰主句的某个名词或代词（先行词）或者整个句子的形容词性从句（定语从句），一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。
定语从句三要素：先行词，关系词和从句1）先行词：被定语从句修饰的词2）关系词：引导定语从句，代替先行词在从句中充当成分的词3）从句：既然为句，就有人称，时态，数的变化。
二：关系词：关系代词和关系副词关系代词：who（指人），whom，whose，that，which，as；在从句中做主语，宾语，或定语，指人或物关系副词：when（时间），where（地点），why（原因）；在从句中依次做时间，地点，原因状语，可以用介词（in，on，for，during等）+ which替换★补充1：人称代词：指直接指代人或者事物的代词★补充2：物主代词：表示所有关系的代词叫做物主代词，也叫人称代词的所有格★归纳表格（1）—关系代词★归纳表格（2）—关系代词★归纳表格（3）—关系代词★归纳表格（4）—关系副词3：具体用法及实例关系代词1）Who：who在从句中主要作主语，在非正式语体里who还可以作从句中的宾语，但不能放在介词后（1）主语分解：The man is a teacher. The man is speaking in the classroom.合并：The man who is speaking in the classroom is a teacher（2）宾语分解：The man is my friend. You met the man in the street just now.合并：The man who（whom）you met in the street just now（可后置） is my friend.（3）概括He is the man who wants to see you.He is the man who I saw in the park yesterday.2）Whom：在从句中作宾语，可放在介词后（1）宾语分解：The woman is a doctor. They want to visit the woman.合并： The woman whom they wanted to visit is a doctor.（2）概括He is the man （whom） I saw in the park yesterday.小结：Who whom 都可在定语从句中充当宾语成分，但whom作为宾语，较为正式；而who作为宾语使用时，常用语非正式语中；二者若同时出现而且充当相同成分，whom优先。
3）Whose：用来指人或物，（只能用作定语，若指物，相当于名词所有格，可以同of which互换）。
（1）定语分解：The teacher praised Lilei. His English is the best in our class.合并：The teacher praised Lilei, whose English is the best in our class.分解：The house is mine. The window of the house is broken.合并：1）The house whose window is broken is mine. Whose = the house’s （whose相当于先行词的所有格）2）The house the window of which is broken is mine.3）The house of which the window is broken is mine.4) which：指物，在从句中作主语或宾语，可放介词后（1）主语分解：Basketball is a game. Basketball is liked by most boys合并：Basketball is a game which is liked by most boys.（2）宾语分解：We visited the farm yesterday. The Farm is located in the suburb of Beijing. 合并：The Farm (which) we visited yesterday is located in the suburb of Beijing. （3）概括They needed a plant which didn't need as much water as rice.★5）that：多用来指物，有时也可以用来指人；在从句中作主语或宾语；指物的时候多用that，也可用which。
（1）常规用法：It’s a question that (whic h) needs careful consideration.（指物，作主语。
）Who is the man that is reading a magazine under the tree （指人，作主语。
）The girl (that) we saw yesterday is Tom’s sister.（指物，作宾语）（2）特殊用法：以下情况只能用that1. 先行词为all , everything, anything, nothing, little等不定代词时。
eg: All (that) she lacked was training.2.先行词被形容词最高级修饰时eg:This is the best film that I have ever seen.3. 先行词被序数词和the last修饰时eg: This is the first play that I have seen since I came here.4. 先行词中既有人又有物，人物并存时eg:They talked about the teachers and the schools that they had visited.5.先行词被 every some no all any little much 等修饰时eg: I have read all the books that you lend me.6.先行词被the only, the very, the same ,the last 修饰时eg: He is the only worker that was praised by the boss in the meeting yesterday.7.主句中已经有who 或者 which 时eg: Who is the student that is standing in the classroom.eg: Which is the machine that we used last Sunday.小结：关系代词That和which 在指物时，通常情况下，可以互换；某些情况（如上）只能用that；而某些情况（如下）不能用1:引导非限制性定语从句时2:在定语从句中，作介词的宾语，而介词又置于其前时，不能用that；通常介词也会放到选项中，以增加难度；而在固定短语中，介词是不能提前的。
eg: This is the boy with whom he talked.eg: This is the book on which she spent 10 dollars.eg: The man whom/who you spoke to is a scientist.eg: The man to whom/who you spoke is a scientist. （×）eg: The city that/which he lives in is far away.eg: The city in that/which he lives is far away.（×）eg: Is this the book you are looking foreg: The old man whom I am looking after is better.关系副词6）When：先行词是时间，在句中充当时间状语eg: I remember the day when I first met her.eg: The time when we got together finally came7）Where:先行词是地点，在剧中充当地点状语eg: China is the country where I was born.eg: The housewhereIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.8）Why：先行词是reason，在句中充当原因状语eg: Can you tell me the reason why you lost the basketball game.eg: Idon'tknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday.小结：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear.(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began toknow what he wanted when he grew up.(3) Great changes have taken place in the city in which/where I was born.小结：关系代词和关系副词关系代词在定语从句中做主语，宾语和定语；关系副词在定语从句中作状语。
四：种类1）限制性定语从句eg: Teachers who are kind are popular with the students.eg: The town where I live is beautiful.2）非限制性定语从句eg: Mr Wang, who is kind, is popular with the students.eg: Linyi, where I live, is beautiful.eg: My dictionary, which I bought last year is very popular with students.eg: This novel, which I have read three times, is very interesting.3）区别（1）限制性定语从句是先行词不可或缺的部分，如若去掉，主句意思往往不明确；而非限制性从句是先行词的附加说明，即便去掉，也不会影响主句的意思，与主句之间通常用逗号分开。