Unit1Part 11. Critical thinking involves thinking about thinking2. The availability heuristic involves unconsciously assigning a probability to a type of event based on how often one thinks of events of that type.3. An issue simply raises a question.4. The part of an argument that provides a reason for accepting the other part is called the premise.5. A general rule we unconsciously follow in estimating probabilities is called a heuristic.Part 21.The conclusion of an argument is what the premise supposedly supports or demonstrates.2.The tendency to weigh negative evidence more heavily than positive evidence is called a negativity bias.3. A(n) argument presents a consideration for accepting a claim.4. Assuming that society in general shares the views held by us and the people we know is the falseconsensus effect.Part 31.“President Lincoln was the finest U. S. President in history” is anobjective claim. (F)2.Whether an objective claim is true or false depends on whether people think it is true or false. (F)3.Critical thinking should include biases or emotions. (F)4.Experienced philosophers or other specialists in their fields rarelymakemistakes in reasoning. (F)Part 4cated guesses or rules of thumb are often called heuristics2.Emotion, greed, and bias are all factors that can undermine critical thinking.3.What are the ultimate objectives of thinking critically (Check all that apply.) (C, D)A. To make vise decisionsB. To come to correct conclusionsC. To make hasty generalizationD. To develop adversary thinking4. All Dobermans are dogs. Some dogs like to bark. Therefore some Dobermans like to bark. The tendency to accept this argument at first glance may be due to. (D)A. self-serving biasB. negativity biasC. confirmation biasD. belief bias5. This bias is present when most members of a group think they are betterat something than most other members of the group. (A)A. Better-than-average illusionB. Fundamental attribution errorC. Belief biasD. Bandwagon effect6. What bias is in effect when you assume that the candidate whose nameyou see the most often is probably the most popular candidate (B)A. Obedience to authorityB. Availability heuristicC. Majority rulesD. Bandwagon effectPart 51. An argument consists of, at minimum, _____B______.A. a conclusionB. one premise and a conclusionC. two or more premises and conclusionD. a premise2. What are the ultimate objectives of thinking critically (Check all thatapply.) (A, D)A. To come to correct conclusionsB. To develop adversary thinkingC. To make hasty generalizationsD. To make wise decisions3. Suzanne is 99% certain most of her test answers are correct. In reality,most of her answers are not correct. What type of bias might Suzanne be demonstrating (A)A. Overconfidence effectB. Poor estimationC. Belief bias4. Charles and his colleague Mike’s children attend classes at the same school. Charles believes that his children's exceptional performance at school is due to their superior intelligence. He always attributes their occasional failures to bad luck. On the other hand, he believes that Mike's children achieve high test scores due to sheer luck and tends to attributetheir failures to a possible lack of hard work and dedication. Which ofthe following is illustrated in this scenario (A)A. In-group biasB. Availability heuristicC. Bandwagon effectD. Selection bias5. A critical thinker tries to ____B____.A. overstate conclusionsB. evaluate argumentsC. understate conclusionsD. persuade an audience6. After seeing a number of reports concerning shark attacks, you decidenot to visit the beach for spring break. Which cognitive bias is at play(C)A. In-group biasB. Bandwagon effectC. Availability heuristicPart 61. This is the tendency to carry out orders from a superior without question.A. Negativity BiasB. Bandwagon effectC. Fundamental attribution errorD. Obedience to authority2. The method used to come to correct conclusions is to evaluate our thinking by standards of ____B__.A. informational theoryB. logic and common senseC. statistics, history, and research3. What types of arguments should you avoid (A)A. Weak, invalid and irrelevantB. Strong, invalid, and relevantC. Weak, valid, and relevantD. Strong, valid, and relevantis the idea that if a person thinks something is morally wrong, then it is morally wrong for that person and he/she does not need to consider any further truth.A. Moral absolutismB. Moral objectivismC. Moral subjectivism5. What is the result of expressing a belief, judgment, or opinion in a declarative sentence (A)A. A claimB. A questionC. An exclamationUnit 2Part11.Every argument must have at least one premise and a conclusion2. When there is an unstated premise, you should use the context and content to clarify if the argument is deductive or inductive.3. When the premises of a valid argument are true, then the argument is sound.4. The more support the premise provides to the conclusion of an inductiveargument, the stronger the argument.Part21. Which of these is an argument (B)A. I am a great thinker.B. I think. Therefore I am.C. I believe that I exist2. What are the two parts of an argument (B)A. Statement and conclusionB. Premise and conclusionC. Premise and reasoningD. Premise and statement3. “1) She was out late last night which led to 2)her being overly tiredthis morning. 3) So, she won’t show up for class.” How would you map thisA. 1-2-3B. 2-1-3C. 3-2-14. True or false: Common sense and background knowledge are importantcomponents of critical thinking. (B)A. FalseB. TruePart 31.“The financial cost of the death penalty is less that of life inprison. Also, it does not deter crime.” What is needed to makethis into an argument (A)A. A conclusionB. A premise2. Which word or words indicate a conclusion is about to follow (C)A. HoweverB. The reason isC. Consequently3. Which of these words indicates a premise (B)A. ThereforeB. SinceC. ConsequentlyD. Hence4. Which type of persuasion relies on information or arguments (A)A. LogosB. PathosC. Ethos5. “I have to vote for him. He is from my home town.” This is an example of (A)A. EthosB. PathosC. LogosPart 41.The conclusion of an argument is also called the ____A___.A. thesisB. answerC. argumentD. premise2.“Harold is a twin. Therefore, Harold has a sibling.” What isthe unstated premise (A)A.All twins have siblings.B. Harold is not an only child.3.In a deductive argument, the premises ___B_ the conclusion.A. supportB. demonstrate4. What type of reasoning involves weighing considerations for or against making a certain decision (D)A. Rational AdjudicationB. Inference to the Best ExplanationC. Common SenseD. Balance of considerations5. This type of reasoning compares alternative hypotheses to find the one with the best predictive accuracy. (B)A. Common Sense ExplanationB. Inference to the Best ExplanationC. Balance of ConsiderationsPart51. The first and essential step in understanding an argument is to ___A____.A. spot the conclusionB. identify the premiseC. determine whether it is trueD. determine whether it is valid2. A movie can be considered as a/an: (A)A. none of the optionsB. conclusionC. argumentD. premise3. Identify a true statement about premises. (A)A. They are absent in a piece of pure rhetoric.B. All the premises being used to justify a conclusion must be stated explicitly.C. All the premises being used to justify a conclusion must be commonly known truths.D. They are absent in an argument4. True or false: An if…then phrase can be considered an argument. A. True B. False5. In an inductive argument, when the premises do not adequately support the conclusion, the argument is ____C__.A. invalidB. unsoundC. weakPart 61.An argument is sound ___B__ the argument is valid and the premises are true.A. generally whenB. if and only if2. A deductive argument (B)A. tries to support the conclusion.B. proves or demonstrates the conclusion.3. When thinking critically, “argument” means (B)A. a violent conflictB. attempt to support or prove something.C. a heated exchange4. Which list of words indicate a conclusion will follow (A)A. Accordingly, consequently, thereforeB. Given that, because, sinceC. Accordingly, because, thereforeD. Hence, given that, because5. “I have an allergic reaction to nuts so I couldn’t eat the cake. Further,I don’t like chocolate. Hence, I skipped dessert.” What word indicated the conclusion (B)A. SoB. HenceC. FurtherUnit3Part11.A word or phrase that has multiple meanings is ambiguous2. Syntactic ambiguity results when there is a structural problem in the claim.3. A(n) analytical definition specifies the features a thing must have in order for the term being defined to apply to it.4. A definition by example is also called a (n) ostensive definition.5. Semantic ambiguity arises when a word or phrase has more than one meaning. Part21. When writing an essay, you should strive to be ____A___ in your treatment of the topic.A. completeB. biasedC. haphazard2. Identify the principles of persuasive writing. (Check all that apply.)A. Personal considerations should be included in the discussion.B. Strongest arguments should be presented first.C. Every last criticism of one’s position should be refuted, even if space or time is limited.D. If an opponent’s argument is good, one should concede that it is good.3. What principle is involved when ensuring that all points in an essaypertain to the issue under discussion (C)A. Outlining the essayB. Logical sequencingC. Sticking to the issue4. Which of the following is a component of an argumentative essayA. Rhetorical flourishes to add interestB. Rebuttal of arguments that support contrary positions5. “Secretaries make more money than physicians.” Does this claim suffer from grouping ambiguity (A)A. YesB. No6. A good definition strives to be ___C____.A. PersuasiveB. ConvincingC. NeutralPart 31. Which of the following is not a vague term (D)A. SpicyB. PassionateC. HotD. 100℃2. What are some of the emotions that can arise due to a vague claimA. AnnoyanceB. FrustrationC. AngerD. All of the above3. The secret to good writing is ___C___.A. persuasionB. verbosityC. revisionD. ambiguity4. When an issue is buried within a historical or descriptive discussion, what type of error is committed (A)A. Glancing blowB. Knee jerk reaction5. When writing your introduction, what should you try to avoid (B)A. A thesis statementB. A windy preambleC. A thorough statement of the topic6. What principle requires that all points in an essay are clarified in an orderly fashion (A)A. Logical sequencingB. Sticking to the issuePart41.“Aaron saw Ben after his Bar Mitzvah.” What type of ambiguity is this (A)A. Pronoun referenceB. No ambiguity2. A ___D____ definition is what is usually found in a dictionary.A. precisingB. persuasiveC. stipulativeD. lexical3. In the case, the “defendant” will refer to Professor Plum. What type of definition is this (C)A. RhetoricalB. LegalC. Stipulative4. What is the purpose of rhetorical definitions (A)A. PersuadeB. DefineC. Stipulate5. A(n) _____C___ refers to giving another word or phrase that means the same as the term being defined.A. analytical definitionB. lexical definitionC. definition by synonymD. definition by example6. “When I speak of animals, I’m referring to non-human animals.” Whattype of definition is this (C)A. LexicalB. AnalyticalC. PrecisingPart 51. When an author fails to organize thoughts in the essay, what type ofproblem can arise (C)A. Burden of proofB. Lengthy preambleC. Stream of consciousness2. What is not a component of an argumentative essay (A)A. Emotionally charged claims.B. A rebuttal of counterclaims.C. A statement of the issue.3. What are possible explanations as to why a passage might be unclear(D)A. Incorrect word useB. Vague languageC. Intentionally abstruseD. All of the above4. True or false: Taking a break from an essay is often a good way to catchproofreading errors. (A)A. TrueB. False5. “The parents scolded the children and they screamed a lot.” What typeof ambiguity is this (B)A. GroupingB. Pronoun referenceC. Modify ambiguity6. Which is more general (A)A. Sue lives in a large blue houseB. Sue lives in a threestory blue house.Unit4Part11.Sometimes powerful hopes and desires influence our judgment when we engage in wishful thinking.2.Conditions that may undermine our ability to trust our own observations as a source of truth can be physical or mental.3. A claim that comes from the most authoritative source may still be wrong.4. Background knowledge is a crucial part of becoming a critical thinker. Part21.A sourc e’s expertise should be directly related to the issue.2.A source’s accomplishments are relevant to his or her expertiseif they are related to the question at hand.3.It is too easy to lose objectivity when one’s interests and concernsare atstake.our hopes and expectations can affect our perceptions, we must monitor their ability to affect the accuracy of our observations.Part31. Simply being taller, speaking louder, or seeming more assertive can oftenmake a person appear more credible. (T)2. Credibility is an all-or-nothing feature; a claim either has it or itdoesn’t. (F)3. A claim that “fits” with our background information is likely to beassigned a lower degree of initial plausibility than one that does not fitas well. (F)4. The content of a claim can be judged independently of where it came from.(F)Part 41. Identify the irrelevant features that are sometimes used to judge aperson’s credibility. (Check a ll that apply.) (C,D,E,F,G)A. Educational qualificationsB. ExperienceC. AgeD. AccentE. EthnicityF. GenderG. Mannerisms2. Beliefs based on our observations are only as good as our____B__A. Ability to interpret our observations.B. Memory.C. Ability to articulate our observations3. There are two grounds for suspicion when credibility is the issue. Whatare they (D)A. The claim and your own intuitionB. The claim and your reactionC. Common sense and the mediaD. The claim itself and its source4. Which of these is not usually an important factor in a source’s credibility (A)A. AppearanceB. ReputationC. PositionD. Education5. Which is generally true of talk radio hosts (D)A. They often lieB. They do not document asserted factsC. They don’t present interesting newD. They often reflect a political ideologyPart51.The large body of justified beliefs we have accumulated from ourobservations and from information received from others is our ___C___.A. expertiseB. foundational informationC. background knowledgeD. intellectual heritage2. We should be skeptical of a claim itself when a credibility problem is presented by its __C____.A. vaguenessB. forceful languageC. content3. Which of these is the most important factor in considering a web site’s credibility (A)A. Who are the sources behind its informationB. How many people access it dailyC. How long it has been in existenceD. What companies support it with their money4. Which of these sources is dedicated to fact checking (C)A. The EconomistB. CNNC. D. Wall Street Journal5. Which is true (B)A. The major metropolitan newspapers are teeming with factual errors.B. The major metropolitan newspapers sometimes make mistake in reporting.C. The major metropolitan newspapers never make mistake in reporting. Part61. According to the text, a claim lacks inherent credibility when it conflicts with any of three things. Which of these is not one of those three things (D)A. Other credible claimsB. What we have ourselves observedC. Our background informationD. The beliefs of people we like and admire2. Which of these would probably NOT negatively influence our observations and recollections of an event (B)A. TirednessB. AttentionC. DistractionD. Emotions3. Which one of these professions often carries a negative bias due to an unkempt appearance (B)A. PoliticianB. ArtistC. LawyerD. Doctor4. Which one of these is not a good reason for stereotypes to be ignored when judging a person (A)A. They provide background informationB. They create an initial biasC. They create false reputationsD. They cloud possible good judgment5. Conservatives accuse the news media of having what kind of a slant A. Moderate B. Liberal C. Atheist D. Religious6. What percent of the comments from professional website evaluators are focused on a website’s visual design (B)A. More than 80%B. Less than 20%C. More than 50%Unit5Part11.A euphemism is a neutral or positive expression used in place of an expression that usually has negative associations.2.A(n) innuendo is a subtle or indirect derogatory remark that is often masked with positive phrasing.stereotype is a cultural belief or idea, usually simplified or exaggerated, about a social group’s attributes.proofs urrogate suggests there is evidence for a claim but does not actually cite the evidence.Part21.A dysphemism is a negative expression used in place of an expression that usually carries positive associations.2. Hyperbole is overstatement or exaggeration3. A rhetorical analogy likens one thing to another in order to make one of them appear better or worse than the other.4. An explanation used to express and influence attitudes is a (n) rhetorical explanation.Part31. A slanter is a rhetorical device that gives a claim a positive or negative connotation.2. The technique of repetition makes the same point, over and over again, to drive home a point.3. A demagogue uses extreme rhetoric and propaganda to argue for false ideas and preposterous theories.4. Rhetoric is used to persuade while logic is used to demonstrate a claim or support a claim.Part41. Which of the following fallacies is a rhetorical device (C)A. False dichotomyB. Argumentum ad BaculumC. HyperboleD. Slippery Slope2. “Capital punishment is the just punishment of a heinous crime.” What type of definition is this (A)A. RhetoricalB. HyperboleC. AnalogyD. Lexical3. “Andy voted from Senator Abad is because everyone at the country club supported Abad and Andy follows the crowd.” What type of rhetorical device is this (A)A. Rhetorical explanationB. Rhetorical definitionC. Ad hominemD. Rhetorical analogy4. What do we call the power words or expressions that elicit various psychological and emotive responses (A)A. Rhetorical forceB. EthosC. LogosD. Critical force5. When candidates saturate the airwaves with campaign advertisements, the technique they are using is known as __A___.A. RepetitionB. Rhetorical analogyC. In group biasD. HyperbolePart51.What is a rhetorical device that is a word or phrase with either a positive or negative connotation (C)A. WeaselerB. LogosC. SlanterD. Bias2. Which of these is mockery (C)A. Pig snortB. Cow towC. Horse laugh3. “Who was the most influential composer of the 20th Century Few expertswill say it was Alban Berg.” What type of rhetorical device is this (D)A. Rhetorical explanationB. RepetitionC. Rhetorical analogyD. Proof surrogate4. Which rhetorical device insinuates or uses the power of suggestion tosay something negative about someone or something (D)A. Ad hominemB. DysphemismC. PerjuryD. Innuendo5. What is the source of the persuasive power of rhetoric (B)A. LogicB. PsychologyC. Neurophysiology6. What is a synonym for rhetorical force (B)A. Critical thinkingB. Emotive meaningC. Logical analysisPart61.True or false: Stereotypes are all negative. (B)A. TrueB. False2. Which of the following is a dysphemism for someone old in age. A. MatureB. DinosaurC. Advanced in yearsD. Elder3. “I have a mountain of homework to do.” What type of rhetorical device is this (A)A. HyperboleB. Horse laughC. EuphemismD. Innuendo4. “President Obama is just like Abraham Lincoln in his leadership style.” What type of rhetorical device is this (D)A. Rhetorical definitionB. Rhetorical explanationC. Rhetorical comparisonD. Rhetorical analogy5. “Capital punishment is the just punishment of a heinous crime.” What type of definition is this (C)A. AnalogyB. LexicalC. RhetoricalD. Hyperbole6. Which of the following is a euphemism for overweight (B)A. ObeseB. Full figuredC. ChunkD. FattyUnit6Part11.Mistakes in reasoning are called fallacies.2. An argument that is supported by appeals to personal feelings is called an appeal to emotion3. Argumentum ad hominem translates as argument to the person4. A straw man fallacy occurs when a writer attempts to dismiss an argument by distorting or misrepresenting it.5. The fallacy that plays on someone’s fear of being an outcast is known as the peer pressure fallacy.6. The perfectionist fallacy forces a person to choose between faultless or nothing.to acknowledge a fact because it is unpleasant is known as denial.8. Wishful thinking occurs when we forget that wanting something to be true doesn’t make it true.Part21. What type of fallacy is committed when the argument is not related to the issue at hand (C)A. Pertinent fallacyB. Common fallacyC. Relevance fallacyD. Rhetorical fallacy2. “Why are you telling me to quit smoking You used to smoke 2 packs a day.” What type of fallacy is represented (A)A. Relevance fallacyB. Double standard fallacyC. Doublespeak fallacyD. Why me fallacy3. This is a mistake in reasoning or an argument that doesn’t support or prove what it is trying to support or prove. (C)A. ProblemB. ConnotationC. Fallacy4. What kind of fallacy is an ad hominem in advance (A)A. Poisoning the wellB. Guilt by associationC. CircumstantialD. Genetic5. Which of the following is not a type of false dilemma (C)A. Line-drawing fallacyB. Perfectionist fallacyC. Ad hominemPart31.“I am swamped with my other classes and I work full time.Therefore, I think that this class is too hard for me.” What type of fallacyis represented (C)A. Slippery slopeB. Misplaced burden of proofC. Irrelevant conclusionD. Straw man2. True or false: In logic, begging the question means to raise a question.(B)A. TrueB. False3. Into which category of fallacy does an appeal to ignorance fall DA. Ad hominemB. Appeal to misplaced proofC. False dilemmaD. Misplaced burden of proof4. “I don’t agree with putting God back into policymaking. That ideaoriginated with the Tea Party and I want nothing to do with that group.”What type of fallacy is represented (A)A. GeneticB. HistoricalC. Straw manD. Et tu5. “You don’t believe in labor unions Well, the Nazis also outlawed laborunions. What does that tell you” What type of fallacy is represen ted (D)A. Scare tacticsB. Straw manC. False dilemmaD. Guilt by associationPart41.A picture of a forest fire along with an advertisement forhomeowners insurance is what type of fallacious reasoning (C)A. Argument from outrageB. Perfectionist fallacyC. Scare tacticD. False dilemma2. “How could that poor gentleman, stuck in a wheelchair for the rest ofhis life, be guilty of embezzlement” What type of fallacy is repre sented (C)A. Appeal to forceB. Peer pressureC. Appeal to pityD. Straw man3. This fallacy occurs when the listener is tricked into thinking that heor she has to prove the opponent wrong. (B)A. Begging the questionB. Misplaced burden of proofC. Appeal to authorityD. Poor plausibility4. You commit this fallacy when you try to establish your point by pretendingthat it is the only alternative to something much worse.A. Caveat emptorB. Straw manC. False dilemmaD. Straw alternatives5. In this fallacy, a person refutes a claim based on its origin or history.A. Straw manB. Poisoning the wellC. Genetic fallacyD. Personal attackPart51.What type of fallacy assumes we should believe a claim if it hasn’tbeen proved false (A)A. Appeal to ignoranceB. Appeal to falsehoodC. Appeal to nobody2. This argumentum ad hominem occurs when a speaker tries to persuade youto dismiss an argument by telling us that someone we don’t like also holdsthat belief. (C)A. Poisoning the wellB. Slippery slopeC. Guilt by associationD. False dilemma3. This fallacy occurs when a person assumes that either a definitive linecan be drawn between two things or that no line can be drawn at all.(B)A. Line-buildingB. Line-drawingC. Slippery Slope4. News anchor:” The president is about to give a speech on foreign policy.Keep in mind that under this administration, international trade hasplummeted. Now let’s hear the speech.” What type of fallacy is represented (C)A. Argument from angerB. Argument from pityC. Poisoning the wellD. Slippery Slope5. This fallacy is aptly named because it is easy to knock down. (A)A. Straw manB. Cloud argumentC. Huff and puffD. Stick manPart61. When a writer tries to convince us of something based on our sympathiesrather than on an argument, what type of fallacy is thisA. Ad hominemB. Appeal to pityC. Appeal to softnessD. Line drawing2. This type of fallacy plays upon feelings rather than providing a logicalargument. (C)A. Appeals to logosB. Appeals to ethosC. Appeals to emotions3. What fallacy is committed when you dismiss someone’s argument bydismissing the speaker rather than the argument itself. (B)A. Ad populumB. Ad hominemC. Ad misericordiumD. Straw man4. In what type of fallacy do the premises fail to connect in any logical way to the conclusion (D)A. False dichotomyB. Appeal to confusionC. Ad baculumD. Irrelevant conclusion5. What kind of fallacy is an ad hominem in advance (A)A. Poisoning the wellB. Guilt by associationC. CircumstantialD. Genetic。