Unit 2Section One Tactics for ListeningPart 1 Phonetics-Stress, Intonation and Accent1. A: My brother is an accountant. He builds bridges.B: But engineers (↘) build bridges (↗).2. A: When are you going to New York? ;B: I' m flying ( ↗) at ten o'clock ( ↘).3.A: How long have you been able to speak French?B: I've been learning French (↗) for six years (↘),4.A: When did you last see Mike?B: Tuesday (↘) was the last time I saw him (↗).5.A: Do I turn it on with this switch?B: Press the red one (↘) not the black one (↗).Exercise:1.a2.b3.b4.a5.aPart2 Listening and Note-takingRalph NaderRalph Nader is a man of few possessions. He owns very little and lives in a small apartment. He doesn't have a car or a TV set. He doesn't have many clothes and he doesn't care about money when he makes a lot of money, he gives it away. He doesn't smoke and he works from six in the morning until late at night, seven days a week: he is paying back to America his debt as a citizen.When he went to parties as a young man, people complained that all he talked about was the dangers of cars, and how bad car design caused the deaths of so many people each year. After he graduated from Harvard, he published an article entitled "Unsafe at Any Speed," which was about a car called Corvair. Later, he made a big attack on the car industry and showed how many deaths in car accidents were because of badly-made cars. He said new laws were needed to make cars safer. In 1966, because of Nader's work, a law was passed to make car safer.After this success, Nader became interested in something very different. This was the quality of meat and the amount of meat that is put into foods like sausages and hamburgers. A year later, in 1967, again because of Nader's work, a law was passed to ensure that products like sausages and hamburgers contained the right amount of meat. In 1968, three more laws were passed because of Nader's efforts. The first was to ensure the safety of gas pipelines -- these are the pipes that take gas across the country from one town to another. The second was to protect people from radiation --that is, the dangerous radiation which may leak from nuclear sources. The third was to ensure the proper standard of poultry -- that is, the chicken and turkey meat.Ralph Nader, now one of the most influential people in the United States, has set awonderful example of what determined men and women can do to improve the quality of life in their country.Exercise A:1. Ralph Nader is a man of few p ossessions.2. He is paying back to America his debt as a citizen.3. He said new laws were needed to make cars safer.4. A law was passed to ensure that products like sausages and hamburgers containedthe right amount of meat.5. Ralph Nader has set a wonderful example of what determined men and women cando to improve the quality of life in their country.Exercise B:Ralph NaderI.Ralph Nader, a man of few possessionsA. He owns very little and lives in a small apartment.B. He doesn't have a car or a TV set.C. He doesn't have many clothes.D. He doesn't care about money.II. His early efforts to make car saferA.He talked about the dangers of car, and how bad car design caused the deaths ofso many people each year at parties.B.After he graduated from Harvard, he published an article entitled "Unsafe at Anyspeed.ter, he made a big attack on the car industry and showed how many deaths incar accidents were because of badly-made cars.D. In 1966, because of Nader's work, a law was passed to make car safer.IIIHis interests in something very differentA. The quality of meat and the amount of meat that is put into foods like sausagesand hamburgersB. In 1968, three more laws were passed because of Nader's efforts.a. The first was to ensure the safety of gas pipelines.b. The second was to protect people from radiation.c. The third was to ensure the proper standard of poultry.IV. Ralph Nader. one of the most influential people in the United StatesA. He has set a wonderful example of what determined men and women can do to improve the quality of life in their country.Section Two Listening ComprehensionPart 1 DialoguesDialogue 1Give Them Time to Get to Know YouFather: Well, whose fault do you think it is, then?Daughter: I don't know.Father: It couldn't be yours?Daughter: What? That I feel lonely because I haven't any friends there? Father: No, that you haven't got any friends.Daughter: But I've told you! They're not very friendly there. They never talk to me! They just leave me alone.Father: But why?Daughter: How should I know?Father: Isn't it possible it's because you're not very friendly towards them? Daughter: What do you mean?Father: Have you talked to them? Have you tried to make conversation? Daughter: I've told you! They're not interested in talking to me.Father: How do you know?Daughter: Because ... for example ... at lunch time, they all sit together in v groups!Father: Yes, but why don't you sit with one of the groups?Daughter: Don't be silly. I couldn't. It would be awful!Facher: why?Daughter: It just would. That's all.Father: How do you know?Daughter: I just do!Father: Well, you'll never make friends if you don't try, will you? I mean, you've got to meet them, too, at least half way.Daughter: It just wouldn't work!Father: You know what I think. I think you're just saying that because you're impatient.Daughter: Impatient? Me?Father: Yes, impatient. You always have been, ever since you were a child.If you don't get what you want immediately, you get depressed andyou give up too easily!Daughter: Look, if you came with me some morning, you'd understand ... Father: You've only been there for four weeks. These things take time. Daughter: I know, but I still feel ...Father: Listen, give them time to get to know you ... and give yourself time get to know them, and things will change. Believe me!1.T2.T3.F4.T5.T6.TDialogue 2 GesturesNumber 1Woman: You know, a "nod" -- moving your head up and down -- means “yes” in most places,but not everywhere. Did you know that inGreece a nod means "no"?Man: It means "no" in Greece? I'm surprised.Number 2Man: I didn't know "raised eyebrows" means "yes" in Tonga. It means something very different in Peru.Woman: Yeah? What does it mean there?Man: Money. "Raised eyebrows" is a gesture for money in Peru. Woman: Hmm.Number 3Woman: Um, Alberto, you said that "tapping your head" means "I'm thinking" in Argentina.Man: That's right.Woman: You'd better be careful about using that gesture here in Canada. It means someone is crazy.Man: Oh, it means "crazy" in Canada? I didn't know that. I'll be careful. Number 4Man: You know, it's interesting that in the Netherlands, "tapping your elbow" means you can't depend on someone. In Colombia, they usethe same gesture, but it has a different meaning.Woman: What does it mean in Colombia?Man: Well, it means someone is cheap. That person doesn't like to spend money.Woman: Oh.Number 5Woman: Here's an interesting one. You know how "circling your head"means that a person's crazy?Man: Yeah.Woman: Guess what it means in the Netherlands.Man: The Netherlands? I have no idea.Woman: It means someone is calling on the telephone. You know, like dialing a phone.Man: That's interesting.Number 6Man: So "flicking your chin" means "go away" in Italy, right Woman: Yes.Man: Guess what it means in Brazil.Woman: In Brazil? I don't know.Man: That's right.Woman: Huh?Man: In Brazil, "flicking your chin" means "I don't know."Woman: "I don't know" is the meaning?Man: Right.Number 7Woman: Well, everything is "thumbs up" for my trip to Nigeria. I've never been to Africa before. I'm really looking forward to it.Man: Ah, you'd better be careful with that expression in Nigeria. Woman: Huh?Man: Thumbs up. In Nigeria, it means ... um ... well, it has a very bad meaning. Don't use that gesture. It will get you into a lot of trouble.Woman: Oh, thanks for telling me.Number 8Man: You said "tossing your head" means "come here" for Germans? Woman: That's right. But there axe some other meanings. In India, it means "yes." But it has the opposite meaning in Italy. In Italy itmeans "no."Man: Hmm, "yes" in India, "no" in Italy. Isn't it interesting how the same thing can have suchdifferent meanings?passage 1 Why Shouldn't you Go by First Impressions?One shouldn't always go by* first impressions. In my hometown there lived a giant of a man with huge hands and a manner so fierce and unfriendly that he always sat alone in any public place. Yet to those who knew him, he was a kind and generous friend. In the same way one should never assume* that somebody who looks inoffensive is always going to behave in an inoffensive manner.Recently my young brother, who works for a famous American airline, was reminded of this truth. The plane was overbooked and for once all the passengers turned up. So my brother had thedifficult task of choosing three passengers and informing them that they couldn't travel on the flight inquestion*.question*.Knowing that the young are generally impatient and often aggressive, my brother chose three elderly travellers, an English couple and a little old American lady.The English couple accepted the situation and went to have a drink while waiting for the next flight. Then my brother approached the American lady, whose name was Mrs Pepper, with a sad smile on his face, "Mrs Pepper? May I have a few words? I'm afraid we have a problem.""A problem? What de you mean, we have a problem, young man?"“Would you like to come into the office” asked my brother, sensing that this was not going to be easy."Oh, very well, but only for a moment. I have a plane to catch, you know.""Er ... yes." My brother explained the position.The little lady looked at him with steely, blue eyes. "Young man," she said. "I don't believe you are aware that you are talking to Mrs Katherine Pepper, widow of General Arnold Pepper, of the United States Army Air Force and I'd like to inform you, further, that the President of your airline was a personal friend of the General's. In the circumstances I'd advise you to sort this out* right away, otherwise you're going to be in a lot of trouble. Do I make myself clear?" Exercise A:Appearances are often deceptive. In this passage, the two examples tell us the reason why we shouldn't go by first impressions.Exercise B:I.C 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. C 6. D 7. A 8. B Exercise C:1. To those who knew him, he was a kind and generous friend.2. Recently the narrator's brother, who works for a famous American airline,remembered the truth that the plane was overbooked and for once all the passengers turned up. So he had the difficult task of choosing three passengers and informing them that they couldn't travel on the flight in question.3. The narrator's brother chose three elderly travellers, an English couple and alittle old American lady.4. The English couple accepted the situation and went to have a drink whilewaiting for the next flight.5. The little old American lady advised the young man to sort out the problemright away, otherwise he would be in a lot of trouble.Passage 2 CommunicationWe hear a lot about communication these days. "All life comes back to the question of our speech, the medium through which we communicate with each other; for all life comes back to the question of our relations with one another," wrote Henry James. Just how important a part does speech play in this matter of communication?Speech is man's most direct form of communicatlon and the uses more than any other Think for a moment of the number of people with whom you communicate in one day. There are the members of your family, friends, colleagues, employers, clients, shop assistants, and the People you may never meet but with whom you communicate over the telephone.The main methods of communication in business -- apart from direct contact-- are the telephone, the teleprinter* and the business letter. In order to make a successful communication, it is necessary for the sender to know with whom and what he wants to communicate, and then to decide on the best means of conveying his message. The choice of which method to use depends on several factors including the time available; length of message; whether the message is private or personal; whether a written record is required; the cost involved; the accessibility of the person to be contacted and the personal aspect.A letter is a customary* and secure method of communicating with a person, but the telephone is more personal, and it may enable the caller to influence the recipient* by the manner in which he conducts the conversation. Also, it is often possible to receive an immediate response by making a telephone call.Whatever method is used, it is important to remember that communication is a two-way process in which there is an act of sending and of receiving. The oral conversation is often advantageous in this respect because it is easier to determine at once whether the message has been satisfactorily understood and accepted.The essential quality in good communication is clear speech. Mumbled, indistinct voices, in which the ends of words are non-existent, often result in misunderstanding. The speaker fails to communicate because communication is a two-way process involving a speaker and a listener. Listening is important in all branches of communication. There are some people who are so eager to contribute to a conversation that they forget that listening itself is a vital contribution. By giving others our full and courteous attention we are helping them to communicate.Exercise A:The essential quality in good communication is clear speech. Mumbled, indistinct voices, in which the ends of words are non-existent, often result in misunderstanding.Exercise B:1. D2. A3. C4. B5. A6. B7. C8. D Exercise C:1. Speech is man's most direct form of communication.2. In order to make a successful communication, it is necessary for the sender to know with whom and what he wants to communicate, and then to decide on the best means of conveying his or her message.3. The telephone is more personal because it may enable the caller to influence the recipient by the manner in which he conducts the conversation.4. .The oral conversation is often advantageous in communication because it iseasier to determine at once whether the message has been satisfactorily understood and accepted.5. Listening is important in all branches of communication.Part 3 NewsNews ltem 1The United States has issued a new worldwide terrorism warning. The Department of Home-land Security said hijacked planes could be used in attackssimilar to those on September llth two years ago. Officials said there is nospecific information on dates or possible targets. Officials also warned possibleterrorist bombings or kidnappings. Also the Defense Department has cancelledits plan for a computer website that would allow people to choose dates whenthey think future terrorist attacks or murders might happen. People would haveearned money if they chose the correct dates. Defense Department officials saidthe website could have provided early warning about future attacks.Opponentsstrongly condemn the plan.Exercise A:This news item is about a new worldwide terrorism warning in the USA.Exercise B:I. The United States has issued a new worldwide terrorism warning.1. Hijacked planes could be used in attacks similar to those on September llth two yearsago.2. Officials also warned possible terrorist bombings or kidnappings.II. The Defense Department has cancelled its plan for computer website.1.This website would allow people to choose dates when they think future terroristattacks or murders.2. Defense Department officials said the website could have provided early warningabout future attacks3. Opponents strongly condemn the plan.News Item 2A truck bomb has killed at least 35 people in a Russian military hospital inthe town of Musdak. Many others were injured. The force of the explosiondestroyed the building. The town is the main military center for Russian forcesfighting Chechen* separatists. Reports say about 150 people were in the hospitalat the time of the explosion. The number of those killed is expected to increaseas emergency worker continue to search for bodies: No one has claimed responsibility for the attack. A Chechen spokesman denied the responsibility forthe bombing. The attack is the 8th bombing in Russia in less than 3 months. Fivebombings have happened in or near Cbechnya*.Exercise A:This news about the 8th bombing that occurs in RussiaExercise B:Indonesia is expected to announce stronger security measures Wednesday after a deadly bombing in Jakarta*. At least 13 people were killed when a car bomb exploded near a hotel. 149 people were injured. The hotel is operated by a United States company. The governor of Jakarta said it was very likely that the bomber was killed in the attack. Indonesian President Megawati Sukarnoputri visited the damaged hotel. Buildings nearby also were damaged. The explosion comes 2 days before an Indonesian court decides the first case connected to the deadly bombings last year in Bali*. Those attacks killed 202 people.Exercise A:This news item is about the 2nd serious bombing that took place in Indonesia within 2 years,Exercise B:1. F2. T3. F4. F5. T6. TSection three oral workRetellingAs Susan and her daughter Jenny walked around the park they were hounded by beggars. The girl was shocked when she saw a skeletal young beggar woman wrapped in a gray shawl*. Her eyes were sunken* and she held out a bony hand like she was receiving communion, As she did, her shawl fell away revealing a young child standing under it. Jenny just started throwing her money into that bony hand. Susan grabbed her before she could start taking off her jewelry, and the mother decided to have a talk with her about the beggars when they got back to the hotel.They boarded the return bus. They were stopped at a red light when Jenny stood straight up and screamed, "Mother? Susan went to her window and she pointed to a taxi next to the bus. There, in air conditioned comfort, sat the beggar woman with her child next to her, eating an ice cream cone.Section Four oral workCollege Costs in the U.S.A new report says the cost of studies at public colleges in the United States increased 14 percent this year. This is the biggest increase in tuition* in 30 years. But the study also found that the average student pays a lot less than the published costs of a college education, because of grants*. And it points out that American students received a record amount of financial aid last year.Students do not have to repay grants, unlike financial aid in the form of loans. About half of American college students receive grants. This means that education costs differ from student to student.The report is from the College Board. This is a non-profit membership group of schools and other educational organizations. One of its best-known jobs is to administer* college entrance tests.The College Board says tuition at two-year public colleges rose at the same rate as four-years schools.The College Board says the increases were mainly caused by cuts in state spending on education. But a congressman says colleges have increased their prices in both good and bad economic times.John Baehner [pronounced bay-ner] of Ohio is chairman of the House Committee on Education and the Workforce. He says colleges do not want to talk about their decisions to spend money to build things like rock-climbing walls.The College Board collected information from 4,000 colleges and universities. It says the average total charge for students who live at a public college in their state is 10,600 dollars. While tuition rose 14 percent this year, housing and other costs increased at a lower rate.At a private college, total charges are almost 27,000 dollars. That is an increase of about six percent over last year.David Ward is president of the American Council on Education. His group represents colleges and universities. Mister Ward called the College Board findings bad news. But he says percentage increases in tuition do not tell the whole story. He says there was good news about grants and otherstudent aid.The College Board says financial aid for the last school year reached 105,000 million dollars. That amount was up sharply from the year before. Exercise A:1. Because of grants, the average student pays a lot less than the published costs of a college education.2. Two forms of financial aid for the students are grants and loans.3. When students receive loans, they have to repay them later.4. The increases in tuition are mainly caused by cuts in state spending on education.5. The total charge for the students who live at a college includes tuition, housing and other costs.Exercise B:l. This year the cost of studies at public colleges in the United States increased 14 percent.2. The average total charge for students who live at a public college in their state is 10.600 dollars.While at a private college, total charges are almost 27.000 dollars.3. The above information is collected from4.000 colleges and universities.4. It is said that this year's increase in the cost of studies is the biggest one in 30 years.5. American students received a record amount of financial aid last year, which reached 105.000 million dollars~Exercise C:Your opinionDirections: Listen to the passage again and give your opinion on the following topics."The cost of studies at public colleges in the United States bas increased this year and at the private colleges, the tuition has also increased."1．If you are going to study in the United States, which college would you prefer,a public college or a private college? Why?2. How will you attempt to cope with the high tuition and living cost?。