小波分析(wavelet analysis), 或小波变换、小波转换(wavelet transform)是指用有限长或快速衰减的、??为母小波(mother wavelet)的震荡波形来表示信号。
该波彠被缩放和平移以匹配输入的信号。
小波一词由Jean Morlet 和Alex Grossman 在1980年代早期建立。
他们用的是法语词ondelette - 意思就是"小波"。
在英语里，后来将"o de"变为"wave"而成了wavelet。
小波变换删成两个大类：离散小波变换(DWT) 和连续小波变换(CWT)。
两者的主要区别在于，连续变捠在所有可能的缩放和平移上操作，而禠散变换采用所有缩放和平移值的特定孠集。
小波理论和几个其他课题相关。
??有小波变换可以视为时域频域表示的形式，所以和调和分析相关。
所有实际有用的离散小波变换䠿用包含有限脉冲响应滤波器的滤波器段(filterbank)。
构成CWT砄小波受海森堡的测不准原理制约，或者说，离散小波基可以在测不准原理的其他形式的上下文中考虑。
一、高考代词考点扫描代词是英语语法结构中的重要一环,也是高考测试的重点内容之一。
纵观历年高考试题,出现频率最高的是不定代词,其次是it用法、疑问代词、反身代词以及人称代词等。
本文结合高考试题,对不定代词的易考点进行归纳,以帮助同学们更好地掌握这一语法现象。
1. 名词替代词one, ones, that, those的区别one和ones用来代替前面提到过的可数名词,one指代单数,ones指代复数,所替代的是同名异物,表示泛指,可有前置定语或后置定语,也可单独使用。
特指时必须加定冠词the。
that用来代替前面提到过的单数可数名词或不可数名词,不能和冠词连用,其后常有修饰语。
代替可数名词的复数时,用代词those。
【原题再现】We needed a new cupboard for the kitchen. So Peter made ________ from some wood we had.A. itB. oneC. himselfD. another【解析】one替代上文中的cupboard,表示泛指意义;it则用于指代上文提到的原事原物。
答案为B。
2. all, both, either, neither, each, none的用法比较both, either和neither都表示两者,可作主语、宾语和定语。
both还可作同位语。
neither 表示两者否定;either表示两者中任何一个,强调个体;both表示"两者都"。
all和none表示三者或三者以上。
all表示全部肯定,而none表示全部否定。
all可作主语、宾语、表语、定语和同位语;none可作主语、宾语和同位语,但不能作定语。
all作主语时,指人时看作复数,指事物时看作单数;none作主语,看作单复数皆可。
both, all, each, none作主语同位语时,通常放在行为动词的前面,be动词、助动词和情态动词的后面。
all和both与not 连用表示部分否定。
【原题再现】①I invited Joe and Linda to dinner, but ________ of them came.A. neitherB. eitherC. noneD. both【解析】由but可知,第二句话表示否定意思,对两者的否定用neither。
答案为A。
②I had to buy ________ these books because I didn't know which one was the best.A. bothB. noneC. neitherD. all【解析】best是最高级形式,表示三者以上。
根据句意"因为不知道哪一本最好,我只好把这些书全买下来"可知,答案为D。
③-Do you want tea or coffee?-________. I really don't mind.A. BothB. NoneC. EitherD. Neither【解析】问话中使用了or,表示让对方选择茶或咖啡,根据答句: I really don't mind.可知答案应选C。
3. other, the other, another, others的用法比较指代单数时,若是泛指,用another;若是特指,则用the other。
指代复数时,若是泛指,用other修饰名词的复数形式;若是特指,用the other修饰名词的复数形式。
others不能作定语,表示复数意义,相当于"other+复数名词";the others相当于"the other+复数名词"。
another一般表示单数,其后接可数名词的单数形式。
但若其后有数词或few时,则可接复数名词。
【原题再现】①One of the sides of the board should be painted yellow, and ________.A. the other is whiteB. another whiteC. the other whiteD. another is white【解析】根据常识,板子有两个面,不能用another;这是一个省略句,在the other和white 之间省略了should be painted。
选项A具有很大的干扰性,the other is white的意思是"另一面是白色的",而不是"漆成白色的"。
故答案为C。
②I have done much of the work. Could you please finish________in two days?A. the restB. the otherC. anotherD. the others【解析】work是不可数名词,不能用the others代替;the rest既可指代可数名词,也可指代不可数名词。
故答案为A。
4. some, any及其相应复合不定代词的辨析some多用于肯定句,any多用于否定句、疑问句。
在下列情况下常用some:1) some后接单数可数名词,意为"某一"时,相当于"a certain + 单数可数名词"。
2) 在表示请求或邀请的句子中,当期望对方给予一个肯定的答复时,通常用some,不用any。
在下列肯定句中常用any:1) 用于陈述句或祈使句中,意为"任何;无论哪一个",后接可数名词单数形式。
如:Any book will do-I just want something to read on the train.2) 用于肯定的条件句中,意为"什么;一个(些)";if any是固定词组,意为"若有的话"。
如:He asked me if I had any books in my desk.some, any, every常与-one, -body, -thing构成复合不定代词,其基本用法与some, any, every 用法相当。
【原题再现】①-When shall we meet again?-Make it ________ day you like; it's all the same to me.A. oneB. anyC. anotherD. some答案为B。
②I agree with most of what you said, but I don't agree with ________.A. everythingB. anythingC. somethingD. nothing【解析】not...everything是部分否定。
答案为A。
二、近年高考中的代词（2000 ~ 2005 年高考题汇编）1. If you want to change for a double room you'll have to pay_______$15. （2000全国）（A）A．another B．other C．more D．each2. --- Why don't we take a little break?--- Didn't we just have __________? （2000全国）（C）A．it B．that C．one D．this3. It is the ability to do the job _______matters where you come from or what you are. （2000全国）（B）A．one B．that C．what D．it4. --- Do you want tea or coffee?--- ________. I really don't mind. （2000北京春季）（C）A. BothB. NoneC. EitherD. Neither5. One of the sides of the board should be painted yellow, and ________.（2000北京春季）（C）A. the other is whiteB. another whiteC. the other whiteD. another is white6. The Parkers bought a new house but_________ will need a lot of work before they can move in. （01全国）（B）A. theyB. itC. oneD. which7. Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment,_________ I will always treasure.（02全国）【Ｂ】Ａ．thatＢ．oneＣ．itＤ．what8. --- He was nearly drowned once.--- When was ?--- was in 1998 when he was in middle school. （02北京春季）（A）A. that; ItB. this; ThisC. this; ItD. that; This9. —You’re always working. Come on, let’s go shopping.—you ever want to do is going shopping. （02北京春季）（C）A. AnythingB. SomethingC. AllD. That10. --- There’s coffee and tea: you can have .--- Thanks. （03全国卷）（A）A．either B．each C．one D．it11. —Susan, go and join your sister cleaning the yard.—Why ? John is sitting there doing nothing. （03全国卷）（D）A．him B．he C．I D．me12. I invited Joe and Linda to dinner, but ______ of them came. （04北京）(A)A neitherB eitherC noneD both13. There’s______ cooking oil left in the house. Would you go to the cor ner store and get______? （04北京）(A)A little; someB little; anyC a little; someD a little; any14. I got the story from Tom and ______ people who had worked with him. （04天津）(C)A every otherB many othersC some otherD other than15. It is easy to do the repair. ______ you need is a hammer and some nails. （04天津）(B)A SomethingB AllC BothD Everything16. I intended to compare notes with a friend, but unfortunatelycouldn’t spare me even one minute.（04重庆）(A)A. theyB. oneC. whoD. it17. --- One week’s time has been wasted.--- I can’t believe we did all that work for . （04重庆）(B)A. somethingB. nothingC. everythingD. anything18. The husband gave his wife every month in order to please her. （04重庆）(A)A. all half his incomeB. his half all incomeC. half his all incomeD. all his half income19. I will never know what was on his mind at the time, nor will________. （04江苏）(B)A. anyoneB. anyone elseC. no oneD. no one else20. We had three sets of garden tools and we seemed to have no use for ______. （04浙江）(C)A. noneB. eitherC. anyD. each21. --- Which of the three ways shall I take to the village?--- _________ way as you please. （04福建）(C)A．Each B．Every C．Any D．Either22. She does n’t know anyone here. She has got______to talk to. （04广东）（D）A. anyoneB. someoneC. everyoneD. no one23. We needed a new cupboard for the kitchen. So Peter made _____ from some wood we had. （04广西）（B）A. itB. oneC. himselfD. another24. Playing tricks on others is _____ we should never do. （04湖南）（B）A. anythingB. somethingC. everythingD. nothing25. I have done much of the work . Could you please finish in two days ? （04辽宁）(A)A．the rest B．the other C．another D．the others26. I had to buy _________ these books because I didn’t know which one was the best. （04上海）(D)A. bothB. noneC. neitherD. all27. I like______ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright. （04全国I）(C)A thisB thatC itD one28. That’s an unpleasant thing to say about your father after______ he’s done for you. （04全国II）(C)A something b anything C all D that29. --- Do you like______ here?--- Oh, yes. The air, the weather, the way of life. Everything is so nice. （04全国II）(D)A thisB these B that D it30. Some of the stamps belong to me, while the rest are _________. （04上海春季）（B）A. him and herB. his and hersC. his and herD. him and hers31. I think he's just going to deal with this problem ______ day. (05广东卷) (D)A. nextB. otherC. followingD. another32. First,it is important to recognize what kind of person you are and which special qualities makeyou different from . （05湖北卷）(A)A．everyone else B．the other C．someone else D．the rest33. You will find as you read fiats book that you just can't keep some of these stones to ______.You will want to share them with a friend. （05湖南卷）(B)A. itselfB. yourselfC. himselfD. themselves34. I'm moving to the countryside because the air there is much fresher than________ in the city.(05江苏卷) (C)A. onesB. oneC. thatD. those35. Cars do cause us some health problems —in fact far more serious _______ than mobilephones do. (05江西卷) (B)A．one B．ones C．it D．those36. The doctor advised Vera strongly that she should take a holiday, but _______ didn’t help.（05全国卷3）(A)A．it B．she C．which D．he37. We haven’t enough books for; some of you will have to share. （05全国卷1）(C)A．somebody B．anybody C．everybody D．nobody38. The chairman thought necessary to invite Professor Smith to speak at the meeting. （05全国卷1）(B)A．that B．it C．this D．him39. No progress was made in the trade talk as neither side would accept the conditions of_______.（05上海卷）(B)A. othersB. the otherC. eitherD. another40. We’ve been looking at the houses but haven’t found _________ we like yet. （05浙江卷）(A)A．one B．ones C．it D．them41. --- Victor certainly cares too much about himself.--- Yes. He’s never interested in what ______ is doing. （05重庆卷）(B)A. no one elseB. anyone elseC. someone elseD. nobody else42. I prefer a flat in Inverness to ______in Perth, be cause I want to live near my Mom’s. （05天津卷）(A)A. oneB. thatC. itD. this43. I don’t think we’ve met before. You’re taking me for ______. （05安徽卷）(B)A. some otherB. someone elseC. other personD. one other44. We asked John and Jerry, but ________ of them could offer a satisfactory explanation. （05北京春季）（D）A. eitherB. noneC. bothD. neither三、代词强化训练题1. Let _____ promise not to quarrel about such an unimportant matter any more.A. you and IB. I and youC. yours and meD. you and me2. ___ is ___ family that the villagers all admire it.A. It, such an unitedB. His, such a unitedC. Her’s, so united aD. Theirs, so an united3. --- Are you going to buy the blue shoes?--- No, I like ___ red ones over there.A. theseB. thoseC. thisD. their4. --- I feel a bit hungry? ---Why don’t you have ___ bread?A. anyB. littleC. someD. a5. --- Have you a color TV? --- Yes, I have a good ___.A. itB. oneC. thatD. ones6. --- I dislike ____ when others laugh at me in public or speak ill of me behind.--- So do I.A. themB. thoseC. itD. that7. Is this skirt ___ she likes best?A. oneB. thatC. the oneD. which8. --- How many elephants did you see? --- ________.A. NoneB. No oneC. Not many onesD. No many9. I’d rather ride a bike as bike riding has ____ of the trouble of taking buses.A. muchB. allC. neitherD. none10. She was left alone, with ___ to look after her.A. someoneB. anyoneC. not oneD. no one11. ___ of us knows the reason why winter is colder than summer.A. Every oneB. EveryoneC. SomeoneD. All12. Some people are against the plan, but ___ support it.A. many moreB. much moreC. no moreD. any more13. Mary and Jones have arrived, but ____ students in the class aren’t here yet.A. otherB. the otherC. the othersD. others14. The street is beautiful, for there are trees on ___.A. neither sideB. either sideC. both sideD. all sides15. --- Which of the two Italian films do you like better?--- ____, because they are meaningless.A. BothB. EitherC. NoneD. Neither16. The thieves fled the town separately, ____ carrying a bag.A. allB. eachC. everyD. either17. ____ an English Chinese dictionary.A. The students each haveB. The students each hasC. Each the student hasD. Each of the student has18. He comes to see his aunt ___ three weeks.A. everyB. eachC. anyD. per19. Where shall we be in _____ ten years?A. otherB. thatC. anotherD. nothing20. Was it during the Second World War __ he died?A. thatB. whileC. in whichD. then21. Canada is larger than ____ country in Asia.A. anyB. any otherC. otherD. another22. Does ___ matter if he can’t finish the job on time?A. thisB. thatC. heD. it23. ___ wrong going in by the back door.A. I’mB. It’sC. That’sD. We’re24. We played several matches against the visitors, but unfortunately lost ____.A. one’sB. every oneC. everyoneD. someone25. I bought them _____.A. an each ice creamB. an every ice creamC. each an ice creamD. each ice cream26. I don’t know which book is better, I shall read ___.A. allB. bothC. moreD. none27. New English-Chinese Dictionary has been republished several times, ____ more up to datethan the last edition.A. anyB. everyoneC. eitherD. each28. After paying 1,000 dollars ____, you’ll all become full members of our club.A. eachB. allC. everyD. both29. ____ was her cruelty that we all hated her.A. ItB. WhatC. ThatD. Such30. Mary has been ill in bed for a week. I wonder if she is ____ better now.A. muchB. someC. anyD. very31. — Which of these two ties will you take?— I don't like these. Do you have any_____?A. oneB. otherC. onesD. others32. I need some blue ink today but there is ____ at hand.A. notB. nothingC. a littleD. none33. — Shall we introduce ____ fire-fighting equipment from abroad?— Go ahead, if necessary.A. otherB. a few moreC. anotherD. some other34. I've just seen no more than one copy of Gone with the Wind in the bookshop opposite. Tom,go and buy ____ back.A. oneB. anyC. itD. some35. Cut the apple into halves so that the twins may each get ____ half.A. everyB. eachC. anotherD. either36. The children were catching butterflies in the garden. Some caught a lot, and others caught____ at all.A. nothingB. noneC. no oneD. neither37. — Is he content to accept our offered price?— Yes. He cares more about the quality. Money is ____ to him.A. everythingB. anythingC. nothingD. something38. — I love you more than her, child.— You mean more than ___ love her or more than she loves ____ ?A. you, meB. I. youC. you, youD. I, me39. Surely it's ___ with the big nose you mean, not ____!A. he, IB. him, meC. him, ID. he, me40. ___ of us can do everything, but all of us can do ___ .A. None, somethingB. Some, everythingC. Few, somethingD. Few, nothing1-10: DBBCB CCADD 11-20: AABBD BAACA21-30: ADBBC BDADC 31-40: DDDCD BCABA。