L4——U2——1/4listeningEarthformsandextinctionA1.Theearthwasformedaboutfourpointsixbillion(46亿)yearsago.2.Thefirstlifeappearedaboutabillion(10亿)yearslater.3.Thefirstplant-like didn’tappearuntilaround twobillion(20亿)yearsago.4.Untilaboutfivehundredeightymillion(五亿八千万)yearsagolifeformsweresmallandmicroscopic(极小的，微小的).5.Sincethattime,lifehasevolved(进化)intomanydifferenttypesorspecies.6.Howeverscientistsestimate(估计)thatmorethanninetyninepercent（99%）ofthemarenowextinct(灭绝的).B1.Therehavebeenseveralextinction(绝种)eventsinthehistoryoftheearth.2.Inanextinctioneventsmanylifeformsorspeciesoflifedieout.3.Thecausesofmassextinctioneventsareunsolvedmysteries(未解之谜).4.Theseeventsarenotpredictable(预告)andcanhappenatanytime.5.Scientiststhinkthatsomeofthemwerestartedbyasteroidimpacts(影响，碰击或者装机)orvolcaniceruptions(火山爆发).6.Eventslikethis,canchangetheglobalconditionsthatlifedependson.C1.Onemajorextinctioneventhappenedaboutsixty-sixmillion(6600万)yearsago.2.Thateventmayhavebeenstartedbyalargeasteroidthathittheearth.3.Asaresult,thedinosaursandabouthalfofallspecies(物种，种类，类型)ontheplanetdieout.4.Whentheasteroidshittheearth,itstartedachainofevents.5.Achainofeventsisaseriesofeventslinkedtogetherlikeachain.D1.Thisparticularchainofeventshappenedoveraperiodofmonthsandyears.2.Whentheasteroidhittheearth,itcausedahugecloudofdusttoentertheatmosphere.3.ThiscloudofdustblockedtheSunanddarkenedtheEarthformanymonths.4.Withoutenoughsunlight,plantsandplant-eatinganimalsquicklydied.5.Withthedeathsofsomanyplantsandanimals,thefoodchaincollapsed.6.Thisledtothedeathsofmanymorespecies.E1.Massextinctioneventshaveplayedanimportantpartintheevolution(演变，发生，进化论)oflife.2.Infact,someextinctioneventshavehelpedtoaccelerate(加快，加速)evolution.3.Forexample,somemammals(哺乳动物4.5.6.1.灭绝2.3.4.的5.1.2.3.Asaresult,sealevelsarerisingandweatherpatterns(气候模式)arechanging.4.Inaddition(另外),wehumansaredestroyingthehabitats(动物的栖息地)ofmanyplantsandanimals.5.Cuttingdownforestsandpollutingriversdestroythehabitatsofmanyformsoflife.H1.Thereisnolongeranydoubtthatthisishappening.2.Species(物种，类型)oflifearedisappearingatanincreasingrate.3.Globaltemperaturesarerisingandweatherpatternsarechanging.4.Scientistsarewarningusthatfastactionisnecessarytosaveourfuture.5.Ifwedon’tact,wemaygothewayofthedinosaurs.练：1.(读)thisnewextinctioneventiscausedbyhumans.2.It’swhenanasteroidcollideswithsomething.3.AnasteroidhittheEarthandstartedachainofevents.4.Withtheriseintemperature.Thepolaricecapsaremelting.L4——U2——1/4vocabularyBodyorgan2andhumanbeingevolution(进化)A1.body’scirculatory(循环的)systemincludestheheartandbloodvessels(血管).2.Theheartpumpsbloodtoallpartsofthebodythroughanetwork(网络，网状物)ofarteries(动)andveins(静脉).3.Thedigestsystem(消化系统)breaksdown(分解)andabsorbed(吸收)foodintothebody.4.Itsuppliestheenergythatthebodyneedsforgrowthandrepair.5.Afterdigestion,excess(超重，超量)foodisturnedintowasteandeliminated(排除，消除)fromthebody.6.Thenervoussystemsincludethebrain,spinal(脊柱的)cord(脊髓)andnerves.7.Thisisyourbodiescontrolsystem.8.Itcontrolsyourmuscles(肌肉)andorgans(器官)includingyourcirculatory(循环)anddigest(消化)system.9.Therespiratory(呼吸的)systemincludesthenoseandlungs.10.Itbringsairandoxygenintothebodyandremovescarbondioxide(二氧化碳).碳)carbondioxide(二氧化物)isremoved.12.Theimmune(免疫的)systemprotectsthebodyagainstinfections(传染，感染，传染病)anddiseases.13.Sneezing(打喷嚏)andfeverareexampleofhowtheimmunesystemworks.14.Ifaninfectioninvades(侵入)thebodytheimmunesystemattacks(攻击)it.练：1.Thebloodvessels(血管)thatcarryoxygen-richbloodfromtheheartarecalledarteries(动脉).2.Thenervoussystemregulates(控制，管理，调节)yourheartbeatanddigestion.3.Forsomediseases,theimmunesystemuseswhitebloodcellsandantibodies(抗体)toattackit.4.Thedigestsystemiswherefoodisbrokendownandabsorbedintothebody.B1.Thecontrolleduseoffireallowedpeopletocookfoodandsurviveincolderclimates.2.Fireprovidedlightsothatpeoplecouldworkandsocializeforlongerhours.3.Withtheinventionofagriculture(农耕，农业4.猎5.的)actionofanimalsallowedpeopletoraiseanduseanimalsforfoodandwork.6.7.8.的9.的)manythings,includingcommunications.练：1.(听2.(听3.(听)scienceandengineeringbreakthroughsarerapidlychangingthewayweliveourlives.4.(听)withthedevelopmentofagriculture(农耕，农业),peoplehadmoretimeforotheractivities.5.(填)Theabilitytoraiseherdsofanimalssuchassheephumanshadaregularsupplyofmeatandclothing.6.Theabilitytoraiseherdsofanimalsgavehumansaregularsupplyofmeatandclothing.L4——U2——1/4dialogueAboutsmartphoneA1.Itookavacationlastnight.2.Whatareyoutalkingabout?3.Wheredidyoutakeyourvacation?4.Ididn’tgoanywhere.5.Ijustspendaneveningwithoutmysmartphone.6.Howwasit?7.Itwasgreat!Igotarealmagazineandreaditwithnointerruption.8.Itwasverypeaceful.9.Yes,Ihaven’tdonethat in alongtime.B1.Youknowwhat?2.I’mbeginningtohatesmartphones.3.Real ly,butyoucan’tlivewithoutone,right?4.Yes,that’stheproblem.5.Thesethingsarechangingthewaypeoplelive.C1.Yes,Ijustsawadocumentaryaboutthat.2.Ahusbandwascomplainingtohiswifethatshewasspendingtoomuch t imeonhersmartphone.3.Whathappened?Didtheygetadivorce(离婚)?4.Youguessedit.Intheend,theygotadivorce.D1.It’sbigIrunning,don’tyouthink?2.Smartphonesweresupposedtobringpeopletogether,buttheyarepullingpeopleapart.3.Yes,youareright.4.Hi,justaminute,Ihavegotamessageonmysmartphoneanditcan’twait.E1.Hey,wakeupandgetbacktowork.2.What’swr ongwithyou?3.I’monmybreak,sir.AndIhaveabadheadache.4.Well,we’renotpayingyoutosleep.5.Ifyougoingtosleep,sleepsomeplace s else.6.Yea,sir.Sorry,itwon’thappenagain.7.Ithadbetternot.F1.Justaminute.2.Don’ttalktomelikethat.3.Whatdidyous ay?4.Youhurtme,youdon’thaveatreatpeop lelikethat.5.Well,ifyoudon’tlikeit.Isuggestyouleave.6.Ok,Iwill.I’veha denoughofyou.7.I’llgetajobsomewhereelse.练：1.Ifsomeoneisinterrupted,theyhavetostopwhattheyaredoing.2.Insteadofbringingpeopletogether,theyarepullingthemapart.L4——U2——2/4listeningSeethingsfromdifferentpointofviewA1.Thismanisholdingapieceoffruitinhishand.2.Thepieceoffruitiseitheranorangeoranapple.3.Wecan’tseewhich itis becausewecan’tseeinsidethebox.4.5.Itmaybeanappleanditmaybeanorange6.It’sgottobeoneortheother.7.Itcan’tbeanythingelse.B1.Now,let’slookatitfromtheman’spointofview.2.Fromhispointofviewtheprobabilitiesisdifferent.3.Fromhispointofview,theprobabilitythatisanorangeisonehundredpercentorzeropercent.4.That’sbecauseheknowswhathehas.5.Forhim,thereisnouncertainty(不确定性).6.Ifhehasanorange,theprobabilityisonehundredpercent.7.Ifhedoesn’thaveanorange,theprobabilityiszeropercent.8.Heeitherhasitorhedoesn’t.C1.Fromourpointofviewtheprobabilitythathehasanorangeisfiftypercent.2.3.1.2.3.4.5.6.1.2.3.4.5.1.Whenpeopleseethingsfromdifferentpointsofview,theyoftencometodifferentconclusions.2.Thesedifferencescancauserealcommunicationproblems.练：1.She’llbeangrybecauseitisn’tfairthatshedoesallthework.2.I tmaybeanapplebutitcan’tbeabanana.3.Ifhiswifeshoutsathimandtellshimtogetupanddosomething,hemayshoutbackandrefusetohelpher.4.Itmaybeanappleanditmaybeanorange.5.Ifhiswifeaskshimtogetupandhelpherheprobablywon’t behappy.6.Ifherefusestogetupandhelpher,shewillbeangryathim.7.Ifhegetsupandhelpshershemaynotappreciatehishelp.8.Theprobabilitydependsonyourpointofview,orhowmuchyouknow.9.I fhiswifedoesn’taskhimtogetupandhelpher,hewillappreciateherunderstanding.L4——U2——2/4vacabularySeriouseventandreligion(宗教)A1.Earthquakesarecausedbyforcesdeepwithintheearth.2.Whentheearthshake,buildingscancollapseandpeoplecanbeburiedinside.3.Anexplosionisarapidviolentrelease(释放)ofenergy.爆炸是一种快速的猛烈的能量释放4.Explosioncanbecausedbychemicalreactionssuchasinsideanengine.5.Asparkcanignite(着火，燃烧，点燃)amixtureofgasesandreleasesenergyforgoodordestructive(有害的，破坏性的)purposes(目的).一个火花可以点燃一种气体的混合物，并释放能量，以达到良好或破坏的目的6.Accidentsareoftencausedbypeopledoingfoolishthingsorbynotbeingcareful.7.Onemajorcauseofaccidentsisdrivingtoofast.8.Accidentswithfirecanbeveryseriousandcanresultinverypainfulinjuries.9.Epidemics(流行病)aretherapidspread(传播)ofadiseasesuchasthefluorEbola(埃博拉病毒).10.Throughouthistory,epidemicshavekilledmillionsofpeople.生)inhighwindsandheavyrain.12.Thunderstormsarecausedbyelectricchargesintheatmospherethatproducelightning,whichcancauseforestfires.13.Somestormscausefloodingandmajordamagetohomesandcities.练习：1.To reducethedangerofanexplosion,it’simportanttopreventgasleaks(漏出，渗透)insidethehome.2.Epidemicshavekilledmorepeoplethanallwarsandnaturaldisasters.3.Manyforestfiresarecausedbylightning.B1.FollowersofIslam(伊斯兰)religionarecalledMuslims（穆斯林，回族）.2.ThisMuslimsareprayinginsideamosque(清真寺).3.Muslimsarecalledtoprayerfivetimesaday,beginningjustbeforesunrise.4.Christianity(基督教义)isbasedontheteachingofJesus(耶稣)Christ(基12.Thereligion(宗教)isabouttwentyfivehundredyearsold.13.SomeBuddhists(佛教徒)practiceaformofmeditation(沉思，冥想)inwhichtheyemptytheirmindsofanythought.一些佛教徒练习一种冥想的形式，他们清空了他们的思想。