L4——U2——1/4listeningEarth forms and extinctionA1.The earth was formed about four point six billion (46亿) yearsago.2.The first life appeared about a billion(10亿) years later.3.The first plant-like didn’t appear until around two billion(20亿) years ago.4.Until about five hundred eighty million(五亿八千万) years agolife forms were small and microscopic(极小的，微小的).5.Since that time, life has evolved(进化) into many different typesor species.6.However scientists estimate(估计) that more than ninety ninepercent（99%） of them are now extinct(灭绝的).B1.There have been several extinction(绝种) events in the history ofthe earth.2.In an extinction events many life forms or species of life dieout.3.The causes of mass extinction events are unsolved mysteries(未解之谜).4.These events are not predictable(预告) and can happen at anytime.5.Scientists think that some of them were started by asteroidimpacts(影响，碰击或者装机) or volcanic eruptions(火山爆发).6.Events like this, can change the global conditions that lifedepends on.C1.One major extinction event happened about sixty-six million(6600万) years ago.2.That event may have been started by a large asteroid that hit theearth.3.As a result, the dinosaurs and about half of all species(物种，种类，类型) on the planet die out.4.When the asteroids hit the earth, it started a chain of events.5. A chain of events is a series of events linked together like achain.D1.This particular chain of events happened over a period of monthsand years.2.When the asteroid hit the earth, it caused a huge cloud of dustto enter the atmosphere.3.This cloud of dust blocked the Sun and darkened the Earth formany months.4.Without enough sunlight, plants and plant-eating animals quicklydied.5.With the deaths of so many plants and animals, the food chaincollapsed.6.This led to the deaths of many more species.E1.Mass extinction events have played an important part in theevolution (演变，发生，进化论) of life.2.In fact, some extinction events have helped to accelerate(加快，加速) evolution.3.For example, some mammals(哺乳动物) lived through the age of thedinosaurs, but they couldn’t compete(竞争).4.When the dinosaurs were removed, the mammals were able to competemore successfully.5.Once they could compete, mammals evolved to a higher state.6.Without extinction events, perhaps we wouldn’t be here today. Existence(存在)F1.Scientists estimate(估计，预测) that there have been at leastfive mass extinctions(五次大灭绝) in the last five hundred forty million years.2.They also believe that we have entered a new extinction events.3.Species are becoming extinct at a much faster rate than before.4.Instead of asteroids or volcanic eruptions the current(最近的)events is the result of human activities.5.Human activities for example have led to global warming.G1.global warming is the result of an increase in carbon gases(含碳气体) in our atmosphere.2.These gases trap heat(阻碍热量排放) from the sun, so the Earth isgetting warmer.3.As a result, sea levels are rising and weather patterns(气候模式)are changing.4.In addition(另外), we humans are destroying the habitats(动物的栖息地) of many plants and animals.5.Cutting down forests and polluting rivers destroy the habitats ofmany forms of life.H1.There is no longer any doubt that this is happening.2.Species(物种，类型) of life are disappearing at an increasingrate.3.Global temperatures are rising and weather patterns are changing.4.Scientists are warning us that fast action is necessary to saveour future.5.If we don’t act, we may go the way of the dinosaurs.练：1.(读)this new extinction event is caused by humans.2.It’s when an asteroid collides w ith something.3.An asteroid hit the Earth and started a chain of events.4.With the rise in temperature. The polar icecaps are melting.L4——U2——1/4vocabularyBody organ 2 and human being evolution(进化)A1.The body’s circulatory(循环的) system includes the heart andblood vessels(血管).2.The heart pumps blood to all parts of the body through anetwork(网络，网状物) of arteries(动脉) and veins(静脉).3.The digest system(消化系统) breaks down(分解) and absorbed(吸收)food into the body.4.It supplies the energy that the body needs for growth and repair.5.After digestion, excess(超重，超量) food is turned into waste andeliminated(排除，消除) from the body.6.The nervous systems include the brain, spinal(脊柱的) cord(脊髓)and nerves.7.This is your bodies control system.8.It controls your muscles(肌肉) and organs(器官) including yourcirculatory(循环) and digest(消化) system.9.The respiratory(呼吸的) system includes the nose and lungs.10.It brings air and oxygen into the body and removes carbondioxide(二氧化碳).11.The lungs are where oxygen enters the bloodstream(血流，体内循环的血液) and (二氧化碳)carbon dioxide(二氧化物) is removed.12.The immune(免疫的) system protects the body against infections(传染，感染，传染病) and diseases.13.Sneezing(打喷嚏) and fever are example of how the immune systemworks.14.If an infection invades(侵入) the body the immune systemattacks(攻击) it.练：1. The blood vessels(血管) that carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart are called arteries(动脉).2. The nervous system regulates(控制，管理，调节) your heartbeat and digestion.3. For some diseases, the immune system uses white blood cells and antibodies (抗体) to attack it.4. The digest system is where food is broken down and absorbed into the body.B1.The controlled use of fire allowed people to cook food andsurvive in colder climates.2.Fire provided light so that people could work and socialize forlonger hours.3.With the invention of agriculture(农耕，农业) people could growfood in settle into communities.4.By growing food, people can spend less time hunting(打猎) andmore time for other things, such as art.5.The domestic(家庭的，家的，国内的，驯养的) action of animalsallowed people to raise and use animals for food and work.6.By raising herds(放牧) of animals such as sheep, humans had aregular supply of meat and clothing.7.The strength of animals such as horses or oxen was used for workand transportation.8.The development of tools and machines has resulted in moreefficient(有效率的) manufacturing(制造业) and construction(建筑物，建造业).9.With better tool and machines, work can be done with fewer peopleand at much lower cost.10.The development of sciences and engineering has approved(经核准的，被认可的) many things, including communications.11.With understanding of electricity, telephones and radios allowpeople to communicate over long distances.练：1.(听) the use of machines has reduced the number of people neededto make things.2.(听)Science and engineering have changed the way we communicatewith each other.3.(听) science and engineering breakthroughs are rapidly changingthe way we live our lives.4.(听) with the development of agriculture(农耕，农业), people hadmore time for other activities.5.(填) The ability to raise herds of animals such as sheep humanshad a regular supply of meat and clothing.6.The ability to raise herds of animals gave humans a regularsupply of meat and clothing.L4——U2——1/4dialogueAbout smartphoneA1.I took a vacation last night.2.What are you talking about?3.Where did you take your vacation?4.I didn’t go anywhere.5.I just spend an evening without my smartphone.6.How was it?7.It was great! I got a real magazine and read it with nointerruption.8.It was very peaceful.9.Yes, I haven’t done that in a long time.B1.You know what?2.I’m beginning to hate smartphones.3.Really, but you can’t live without one, right?4.Yes, that’s the problem.5.These things are changing the way people live.C1.Yes, I just saw a documentary about that.2. A husband was complaining to his wife that she was spending toomuch t ime on her smart phone.3.What happened? Did they get a divorce(离婚)?4.You guessed it. In the end, they got a divorce.D1.It’s big I running, don’t you think?2.Smartphones were supposed to bring people together, but they arepulling people apart.3.Yes, you are right.4.Hi, just a minute, I have got a message on my smartphone and itcan’t wait.E1.Hey, wake up and get back to work.2.What’s wrong with you?3.I’m on my break, sir. And I have a bad headache.4.Well, we’re not paying you to sleep.5.If you going to sleep, sleep some place s else.6.Yea, sir. Sorry, it won’t happen again.7.It had better not.F1.Just a minute.2.Don’t talk to me like that.3.What did you s ay?4.You hurt me, you don’t have a treat people like that.5.Well, if you don’t like it. I suggest you leave.6.Ok, I will. I’ve ha d enough of you.7.I’ll get a job somewhere else.练：1.If someone is interrupted, they have to stop what they are doing.2. Instead of bringing people together, they are pulling them apart.L4——U2——2/4listeningSee things from different point of viewA1.This man is holding a piece of fruit in his hand.2.The piece of fruit is either an orange or an apple.3.We can’t see which it is because we can’t see inside the box.4.The probability that it is an orange is equal to the probabilitythat it is an apple.5.It may be an apple and it maybe an orange6.It’s got to be one or the other.7.It can’t be anything else.B1.Now, let’s look at it from the man’s point of view.2.From his point of view the probabilities is different.3.From his point of view, the probability that is an orange is onehundred percent or zero percent.4.That’s because he knows what he has.5.For him, there is no uncertainty(不确定性).6.If he has an orange, the probability is one hundred percent.7.If he doesn’t have an orange, the probability is zero percent.8.He either has it or he doesn’t.C1.From our point of view the probability that he has an orange isfifty percent.2.From his point of view, the probability that there’s an orangeis one hundred percent or zero percent.3.So the probability depends on your point of view.D1.People see things from different points of view.2.This often leads to arguments between people.3.Here are some examples.4.From this man’s point of view, he is relaxing.5.He needs to relax, because he has been working too hard.6.He hasn’t been getting enough sleep.E1.His wife sees things differently.2.She isn’t aware of how hard he has been working.3.From her point of view, he is doing nothing.4.However, she knows what needs to be done around the house.5.It isn’t fair that she has to work while he does nothing.F1.When people see things from different points of view, they oftencome to different conclusions.2.These differences can cause real communication problems.练：1.She’ll be angry because it isn’t fair that she does all thework.2.I t may be an apple but it can’t be a banana.3.If his wife shouts at him and tells him to get up and dosomething, he may shout back and refuse to help her.4.It may be an apple and it may be an orange.5.If his wife asks him to get up and help her he probably won’t behappy.6.If he refuses to get up and help her, she will be angry at him.7.If he gets up and helps her she may not appreciate his help.8.The probability depends on your point of view, or how much youknow.9.I f his wife doesn’t ask him to get up and help her, he willappreciate her understanding.L4——U2——2/4vacabularySerious event and religion(宗教)A1.Earthquakes are caused by forces deep within the earth.2.When the earth shake, buildings can collapse and people can beburied inside.3.An explosion is a rapid violent release(释放) of energy.爆炸是一种快速的猛烈的能量释放4.Explosion can be caused by chemical reactions such as inside anengine.5. A spark can ignite(着火，燃烧，点燃) a mixture of gases andreleases energy for good or destructive(有害的，破坏性的)purposes(目的).一个火花可以点燃一种气体的混合物，并释放能量，以达到良好或破坏的目的6.Accidents are often caused by people doing foolish things or bynot being careful.7.One major cause of accidents is driving too fast.8.Accidents with fire can be very serious and can result in verypainful injuries.9.Epidemics(流行病) are the rapid spread(传播) of a disease such asthe flu or Ebola(埃博拉病毒).10.Throughout history, epidemics have killed millions of people.11.Storms are caused by changes in the atmosphere, resulting(导致，应..而发生) in high winds and heavy rain.12.Thunderstorms are caused by electric charges in the atmospherethat produce lightning, which can cause forest fires.13.Some storms cause flooding and major damage to homes and cities. 练习：1.To reduce the danger of an explosion, it’s important to preventgas leaks(漏出，渗透) inside the home.2.Epidemics have killed more people than all wars and naturaldisasters.3.Many forest fires are caused by lightning.B1.Followers of Islam(伊斯兰) religion are called Muslims（穆斯林，回族）.2.This Muslims are praying inside a mosque(清真寺).3.Muslims are called to prayer five times a day, beginning justbefore sunrise.4.Christianity(基督教义) is based on the teaching of Jesus(耶稣)Christ(基督) who live more than two thousand years ago.5.Christians(基督教徒) believe that Jesus is the son of God.6.Christians often gather in churches or cathedrals(总教堂，大教堂)to worship.7.Followers of Judaism(犹太教) are called Jews(犹太教徒).8.This Jews are meeting inside synagogue(犹太人教堂，犹太集会)which is a place of worship(敬奉，信奉) in study.9.Judaism was founded over thirty-five hundred years ago in themiddle east.犹太人的象征：白色、蓝色、大卫王之星，是广泛分布于世界各国的一个族群。