英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编23(总分：48.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、判断题(总题数：5，分数：10.00)1.Metonymy involves using the familiar to stand for the unfamiliar. (对外经贸2005研)（分数：2.00）A.真√B.假解析：解析：转喻是一种一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法。
2.The utterance meaning of the sentence varies with the context in which it is uttered.（分数：2.00）A.真√B.假解析：解析：话语意义随着话语情境的变化而不同。
nguage acquisition refers to the process involved in creating and expressing meaning through language.（分数：2.00）A.真B.假√解析：解析：语言产出是一个通过语言来表达意义的过程。
4.Structural metaphor means that human experiences with physical objects provide the basis for ways of viewing events, activities, emotions, ideas, etc. , as entities and substances.（分数：2.00）A.真B.假√解析：解析：实体隐喻是指人类以自身经验和生理实体为基础，把事件、行为、情感、思想等抽象概念转换为实体。
5.Superordinate categories are the most general ones. The members of a superordinate category do not have enough features in common to conjure up a common gestalt at this level.（分数：2.00）A.真√B.假解析：解析：上位范畴是最具概括性的范畴，各成员没有足够的共性构成一个共同的完形。
二、单项选择题(总题数：5，分数：10.00)6.How does the top-down approach differ from the bottom-up approach in language processing? (对外经贸2005研)（分数：2.00）A.Bottom-up processing is more effective than top-down processing in speech synthesis.B.Bottom-up processing utilizes all information one has in speech perception. √C.Top-down processing uses one's existing knowledge and the incoming speech signal.D.Top-down processing is more efficient than bottom-up processing in speech comprehension. 解析：解析：在语言处理加工过程中，有两种方法，即从一般到具体的自上而下的方法和从具体到一般的自下而上的方法。
其中自下而上的方法会用到言语感知中的所有信息。
7.______is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings.（分数：2.00）petenceB.PerformanceC.Learning √D.Acquisition解析：解析：在学校里我们会学到第二语言，对第二语言知识的这种有意识的积累，叫做“学习"。
8.During language acquisition, children go through several stages, during which stage they begin to have sensitivity to the phonetic distinctions used in their parents' language.（分数：2.00）A.Holophrastic stage √B.Two word stageC.Three word stageD.Fluent grammatical conversation stage解析：解析：孩子们的语言习得要经历三个阶段，单词句阶段，双词句阶段，以及三词句阶段。
在单词句阶段，孩子们会对其父母话语中的语音特征特别敏感。
9.______is the study of psychological aspect of language.（分数：2.00）nguage acquisition √B.applied linguisticsC.psycholinguisticsD.pragmatics解析：解析：语言习得是从心理学的角度来研究语言，主要研究儿童不自觉地自然地掌握母语的过程。
10.______does not belong to Construal Operations.（分数：2.00）A.Attention/ SalienceB.Judgment/ ComparisonC.metaphor and metonymy √D.Perspective/ Situatednesss解析：解析：识解操作是人类语言处理过程中概念化的过程，或者说，识解操作是理解语言表达方式所使用的基本心理过程和来源。
包括(1)注意力／突显；(2)判断／对比；(3)视点／观察者位置。
三、简答题(总题数：4，分数：8.00)11.What is the purpose of studying language and mind? (南开大学2004研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：The study of language and mind aims to model the workings of the mind in relation to language; for example, it helps explain how the language production and perception is achieved. Since structures and connections in the mind are inevitably unobservable, researchers put forward hypotheses based on fragmentary clues. The label most usually given to the study of "language and mind" is psycholinguistics, a term which is often perceived as being trendy. Psycholinguistics is concerned primarily with investigating the psychological reality of linguistic structures.)解析：12.What is the cognitive interpretation of image schema? (北航2010研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Image schema is a recurring, dynamic pattern of our perceptual interactions and motor programs that gives coherence and structure to our experience. Image schema exists at a level of abstraction, operates at a level of mental organization between propositional structures and concrete image, and it can be subdivided into the following items: acenter-periphery schema, a continent schema, a cycle schema, a force schema, a link schema, a part-whole schema, a path schema, a scale schema and a vertical schema.)解析：13.How to understand a sentence?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Besides decoding sounds and lexical meanings, comprehension also includes untangling the meaning of sentences. There are a few elements influencing the comprehension of sentences. The first is that the ambiguity of word meaning leads to difficulties in sentence understanding. The more complex information the word has, the more difficult the sentence is to be understood. The second factor is that the linguistic structure of the sentence affects the processing time. Psycholinguists have addressed th phenomena of sentence comprehension in different ways. Firstly, serial models propose that the sentence comprehension system continually and sequentially follows the constraints of a language's grammar with remarkable speed. Secondly, parallel models emphasize the comprehension system is sensitive to a vast range)解析：14.What is blending theory?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Fauconnier & Turner proposes and discusses blending or integration theory, a cognitive operation whereby elements of two or more "mental spaces" are integrated via projection into a new, blended space which contains its unique structure. They present examples of blending and analyze the blending process, provide taxonomy of blends, and argue for the ubiquity and importance of blending as a cognitive resource. Blending operates on two input mental spaces to produce a third space, the blend. The blend inherits partial structure from the input spaces and has emergent structure of its own. There are some conditions needed when two input spaces one and two are blended; cross-space mapping, generic space, blend and emergent structure. The blending theory suggests a new way of thinking about what constitutes a novel inference. Because the mapping operation involves integrated frames rather than isolated predicates, the choice of one particular framing over another necessarily results in a different set of attendant inferences.)解析：四、名词解释(总题数：7，分数：14.00)nguage acquisition (浙江大学2004研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Language acquisition; It refers to the gradual development of ability in a language by using it naturally in communicative situations.)解析：ernment (南开大学2011年研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Government: In the traditional approach, it refers to a type of control over the form of some words by other words in certain syntactic constructions.)解析：17.Psycholiguistics（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Psycholinguistics is the study of psychological aspects of language; it mainly studies the psychological states and mental activity associated with the use of language. An important focus of psycholinguistics is the largely unconscious use of grammatical rules thatenable people to produce and comprehend intelligible sentences. Psycholinguists investigate the relationship between language and thought, Psycholinguistics is also concerned with how languages are learned, and the role they play in our thinking.)解析：18.The Innateness Hypothesis（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：The innateness hypothesis was proposed by Chomsky. It says that the ability to acquire a human language is part of the biologically innate equipment of the human being, and that an infant is born with this knowledge of basic grammatical relations and categories, and this knowledge is universal.)解析：19.Construal and construal operations（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Construal is the competence to conceive and portray the same situation in alternate ways through specificity, different mental scanning, directionality, vantage point, figure-ground segregation etc. Construal operations are conceptualizing processes applied in language process by human beings. That is, construal operations are the underlying psychological processes and resources employed in the interpretation of linguistic expressions.)解析：20.Categorization（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Categorization is the process of classifying our experiences into different categories based on commonalities and differences. There are three levels in categories; the basic level, the superordinate level, and the subordinate level.)解析：21.Cognition（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Cognition is, in psychology, used to refer to the mental processes of an individual, with particular relation to a concept which argues that the mind has internal mental states (such as beliefs, desires and intentions) and can be understood as information processing, especially when much abstraction or concretization is involved, or processes such as involving knowledge, expertise or learning for example are at work. Another definition of "cognition" is the mental process or faculty of knowing, including aspects such as awareness, perception, reasoning, and judgment.)解析：五、1 举例说明题(总题数：3，分数：6.00)22.In informal speech, people often omit sentence subjects because they are commonly understood. What are the omitted subjects in the following two sentences? Why do people know that these are the correct subjects? (南京大学2008研)a. Hope you like everything here.b. Just imagine what has just happened here.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：The omitted subject in sentence a is "I", and the omitted subject in sentence b is usually "You". This is a matter of sentence comprehension in language comprehension. Psycholinguists have proposed principles interpreting sentence comprehension with respect to thegrammatical constraints. The most popular principle is "Minimal attachment" which defines "structurally simpler", and it claims that structural simplicity guides all initial analyses in sentence comprehension. In this view, the sentence processor constructs a single analysis of a sentence and attempts to interpret it. The first analysis is the one that requires the fewest applications of grammatical rules to attach each incoming word into the structure being built; it is the automatic consequence of an effort to get some analysis constructed as soon as possible. In the first sentence, when "hope" as a verb is used to express the speaker's desire and expectation for something to happen, it conveys the will of the speaker. So, the subject of "hope" is usually the speaker her/ himself and can be omitted when the two are talking to each other. When the speaker is making a statement and using "hope" to express other's will, the subject will not be omitted. Therefore, according to "minimal attachment" principle, when the hearer interprets this sentence, they automatically interpret "I"—the speaker, as the subject of "hope". Sentence b can be said to be an imperative sentence which is a sentence that gives advice or instructions or that expresses a request or a command. This instruction or request is always aimed to the hearer or the reader, so the subject of an imperative is always "you". When the hearer interpret this sentence, he/she will interpret the verb " imagine" as a request or advice through which the speaker tries to make he/she involved in this action, so it is easier for he/she to consider "you" as the subject. Context is another important factor for people to understand the subjects. The subjects will be more clear in particular context although they are omitted.)解析：23.Describe the process of language perception, comprehension and production.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：From the perspective of psycholinguistic analysis, language use in terms of perception, comprehension and production follows a certain pattern which involves the coordination of various language centers. When we speak, words are drawn from Wernicke's area and transferred to Broca's area, which determines the details of their forms and pronunciation. The appropriate instructions are then sent to the motor area which controls the vocal tract to physically articulate the words. When we hear something and try to comprehend it, the stimulus from the auditory cortex is transmitted to Wernicke's area, where it is then interpreted. When we perceive a visual image, a message is sent to the angular gyrus, where it is converted into a visual pattern.)解析：24.Research has found that two-year-old English children produce negative sentences such as a) to d) , but not e) :a) He doesn't like cabbage.b) Doesn't like cabbage.c) Him no like cabbage.d) No like cabbage.e) * Him doesn't like cabbage.How can you account for this? (北外2006研) （分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：This founding firstly demonstrates one point that the acquisition of auxiliary verbs comes later than that of comparatively "simpler" morphemes such as pronouns. Therefore, it is unlikely for children to make mistakes as shown in e). The reason for this phenomenon could be explained by the fact that in the early stage of children's language acquisition, the speech at first only contains content words and lacks the function elements. This founding also shows that children have a certain process of learning the negative form. There are generally three stages. (1) At first, the negative element is not part of the structure of the sentences. It is simply attached to the beginning, as shown in d). (2) The negative element is inserted into the sentence. The additional negative forms don' t and can't are used, and with no and not, begin to be placed in front of the verb rather than at the beginning, as shown in c). (3) Children beginto produce the appropriate part of do, be or the model verbs, to suit the person or tense, as shown in b) and a).)解析：。