2011年中山大学外国语学院833语言学概论考研真题及答案I.Transcribe the following words into IPA symbols,with stress marking where necessary.(10 points)Example：find—／／,beneath—／／1.corpora2.sociologist3.Chef4.debris5.nasal6.embedding7.antonymy8.facial9.annotated10.phoneticsII.Fill in the following blanks.(15points)1.Lyons predicted in the seventies by pointing out that linguistics is_______,rather than speculative or intuitive：it operates with publicly variable data obtained by means of observation or experiment.2.Phonetic similarity means that the_______of a phoneme must bear some phonetic resemblance.3.Words can be classified into variable words and invariable words.As for variable words,they may have_______changes.That is,the same word my have different grammatical forms but part of the word remains relatively constant.4.In their book_______written in l923,C.K.Ogden and I.A.Richards presented a“representative list of the main definitions which reputable students of meaning have favoured.”There are16 major categories of them,with sub-categories all together,numbering22.5.Hyponymy is a matter of class membership.The upper term in this sense relation i.e.the class name,is called_______,and the lower terms,the members,Hyponyms.6.Charles Darwin,the founder of Evolution Theory,was one of the first keeping the diary of his son’s_______.7.And the Firthian tradition in this respect was further developed by the founder of systemic-functional linguistics,M.A.K.Halliday,whose contributions to sociolinguistics could be better seen from his understanding of language from a socially_______or interactional perspective,his functional interpretation of grammar as a resource for meaning potential, and his linguistic model in the study of literature.8.For some reasons,much of the research on writing has concentrated on the preparation and revision processes rather than on the sentence generation and lexical access processes that have been the focus of_______language production.the l970s a decade of functionalism,and the l980s a decade of_______stylistics”.10.As a compromise between the“purely form-focused approaches”and the“purelymeaning-focused”approaches,a recent movement called_______seems to take a more balanced view on the role of grammar in language learning.11.While Firth inherited the tradition by taking up some of_______’s and Malinowskid’s views,he developed their theories and put forward his own original points of view.12.Mood is made up of two parts:the“Subject”and the“_______”element.13.In spite of the dominant influences of Transformational Generative Grammar in the Americanlinguistic scholarship,it has been challenged by a number of rebels,among whom,are Fillmore with his_______and other with Generative Semantics.14.The idea of_______was first developed by Roman Jacobson(l896-1982)in the1940s as ameans of working out a set of phonological contrasts or oppositions to capture particular aspects of language sounds.15.Tone refers to the pitch on a syllable of a word.When pitch is related to a sentence,it is called_______.III.Define the following terms.(50points)1.Logical subject2.Sentence3.Performatives4.Orientational metaphor5.SPEAKING6.Free indirect thought7.Blog8.Applied linguistics9.Mental processes10.Error AnalysisIV.Explain the following statements with examples.(30points)1.Phoneme is the smallest meaningful unit of sound and morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in grammar.2.In Chinese tone changes are used in the way that affects the meanings of individual words.3.Endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents,i.e.,a word or a group of words,which serve as a definable centre or head.V.Answer the following questions with examples where necessary.(45points)1.What are the similarities and differences between a phrase and a clause?2.What are the characteristics of Grice's“conversational implicature”?3.What does Halliday’s Systemic Grammar aim to do?参考答案I.Transcribe the following words into IPA symbols,with stress marking where necessary.(10 points)1.corpora—／／2.sociologist—／／3.Chef—／／4.debris—／／5.nasal—／／6.embedding—／／7.antonymy—／／8.facial—／／9.annotated—／／10.phonetics—／／II.Fill in the following blanks.(15points)1.empirical2.allophones3.inflective4.The Meaning of Meaning5.super ordinate6.speech development7.semiotic8.spoken9.discourse10.focus on form11.Saussure12.finite13.Case Grammar14.minimal pairs15.intonationIII.Define the following terms.(50points)1.Logical subject is the subject of a sentence that expresses the actual agent of an expressed or implied action.In passive voice such as“John was bitten by a dog”,we have two terms “grammatical subject”and“logical subject”.Since the core object noun(John in this case)sits in the slot before the verb in the passive,it is called grammatical subject,for the original object noun phrase occupies the grammatical space before a verb,the space that a subject normally occupies;the core subject(A dog),now the object of a preposition(by a dog),is called the logical subject,since semantically the core subject still does what a subject normally does:it performs an action.2.Sentence:Traditionally,sentence is the minimum part of language that expresses a complete thought.Bloomfield defined the sentence as one“not included by virtue of any grammatical construction in any larger linguistic form”.Sentences may be classified along the intersecting dimensions of structure and function.Some linguists are now interested in the communicative function of utterances and label various sentences as“statement”,“question”,“command”,“request”,“confirmation”,etc.3.Performatives are sentences that do not state a fact or describe a state.They cannot be said to be true or false.The uttering of these sentences is,or is part of,the doing an action.The judge’s imprisonment sentence,the president’s war or independence declaration,etc.,are performatives.4.Orientational metaphor:It means that human experiences with physical objects provide the basis for ways of viewing events,activities,emotions,ideas,etc.,as entities and substances.It gives a concept a spatial orientation.They are characterized not so much by structuring one concept in terms of another,but by a co-occurrence in our experience.The orientational metaphors are grounded in an experiential basis,which link together the two parts of the metaphor.For example,“I’m feeling up.”and“I’m feeling down.”implicate that“I’m happy”and“I’m sad”.5.SPEAKING is a mnemonic way of summarizing certain components of speech which make possible the description and analysis of communicative behavior:S=Situation,P=Participants, E=Ends,A=Act sequence,K=Key,I=Instrumentalities,N=Norms,and G=Genres.6.Free indirect thought,FIT for short,is kind of thought presentation used by novelists to represent the thoughts of their characters.For example,“He was bound to be late!”is free indirect thought.7.Blog,which is the short form of weblog,is defined by Dan Gilmore as“an online journal comprised of links and postings in reverse chronological order,meaning the most recent posting appears at the top of the page”.Matisse Enzer’s Glossary of Internet Terms puts it this way:A blog is basically a journal that is available on the web.The activity of updating a blog is “blogging”and someone who keeps a blog is a“blogger.”Blogs are typically updated daily using software that allows people with little or no technical background to update and maintain the blog.8.Applied linguistics:It is a branch of linguistics which studies the application of linguistics in reality.For example,there are studies on multilingualism,language acquisition,first and second language teaching and learning.please)and“cognition”(know,believe,convince),for example,“John likes Mary”.A mental process involves two participants,Sensor and Phenomenon.10.Error Analysis:Errors are significant in telling the teacher what needs to be taught，in tellingthe researcher how learning proceeds and those errors are a means whereby learners test their hypotheses about the language to be learnt.They are worth further probing Error Analysis involves，first independently or objectively，describing the learners’interlanguage(that is，their version of the target language and the target language itself)，then a comparison of the two is followed to locate mismatches.Different from contrastive analysis, Error Analysis,EA for short,gives1ess consideration to learners’native language.The procedure of Error Analysis consists of the following steps:(1)Recognition(2)Description.(3)Explanation.For example,explanation:the absence of an item that must appear in a well-formed utterance:e.g.She sleeping.Type of error:Omissions.IV.Explain the following statements with examples.(30points)1.A phoneme is a phonological unit;it is a unit that is of distinctive value.It is an abstract unit.It is not any particular sound,but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context.For example,the[P]sound in peak is called an aspirated[p],and the [p]sound in speak is an unaspirated[p].Its distinctive features of a phoneme are capable of distinguishing meaning.Morpheme is the smallest unit of language in terms of the relationship between expression and content,a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning,whether it is lexical or grammatical.For example, the word“tourists”contains three morphemes.There is one minimal unit of meaning,tour, another minimal unit of meaning-ist(meaning“person who does something”),and a minimal unit of grammatical function-s(indicating plural).Therefore,phoneme is the smallest meaningful unit of sound and morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit grammar.（此题考查音素与词素的概念。