2004年中山大学外国语学院453语言学概论考研真题及答案I.Transcribe the following words into IPA symbols,with stress marking where necessary.(10%) Example:life---/laif/resoect/ri’spekt/1.elite2.chimney3.sacrifice4.hierarchy5.agenda6.chaotic7.wrestle8.pamphlet9.Greenwich10.amourII.Fill in the following blanks.(15%)1._______is an umbrella term which covers a variety of different interests in language and society,including the social functions of language and the social characteristics of its users.2.Allophones are said to be in_______because they never occur in the same context.3._______refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound.4.The category of_______is prominent in the grammar of Latin,with six distinctions of nominative,vocative,accusative,genitive,dative and ablative.5.In I957.Robert Lado published his Linguistics Across Cultures in which he presented a large quantity of data and stated the importance of_______analysis.6.For Bloomfield,linguistics is a branch of Psychology,and specifically of the positivistic brand of psychology known as_______.7._______Theory was formally proposed by Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson in their book munication and Cognition in19868.Inspired by the medieval grammarians,Ogden and Richard(1923)present the classic semantic triangle”in their book_______.9.The generative approach to linguistics refers to the theory originated with the American linguist_______,who published his book Syntactic Structures in1957.10.In the1960’s M.A.K Halliday made the distinction between‘_______’and‘actual linguisticbehaviour’.11.The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to,or standsfor,is known as the_______theory.12.The Prague School can be traced back to its first meeting under the leadership of_______.13.The purpose of_______test is in discover what the testee already knows about the targetlanguage.It is not confined with any particular course but the learner’s general level of language mastery.14.The idea that the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent wordsand the way they are combined is usually known as the principle of_______.15.The man who turned linguistics proper into a recognized distinct academic subject in Britainwas_______,the first Professor of General Linguistics in Great Britain.III.Define the following terns.(50%)1.prescriptive grammar2.back formation3.psycholiguistics4.linguistic relativity5.phatic communion6.traditional grammar7.grammatical word8.theme9.cooperative principle10.hyponymyIV.Explain the following statements with examples.(30%)1.Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative,and conventionality of language makes teaming a language laborious.2.Chomsky’s Innateness Hypothesis is based on his observations that some important facts can never be otherwise explained adequately.3.In Functional Grammar,the Interpersonal Function embodies all uses of language to express social and personal relations.V.Answer the following questions with examples where necessary.(45%)1.To what extent is phonology related to phonetics and how do they differ?2.What is the Post-structuralist view towards learner’s errors?3.What do the following two quotes reveal about the different emphases or perspectives of language studies?...A human language is a system of remarkable complexity.To come to know a human language would be an extraordinary intellectual achievement for a creature not specifically designed to accomplish this task.A normal child acquired this knowledge on relatively slight exposure and without specific training.He can then quite effortlessly make use of an intricate structure of specific rules and guiding principles to convey his thought and feelings to other... Thus language is a mirror of mind in a deep and significant sense,It is a product of human intelligence,created anew in each individual by operations that lie far beyond the reach of will or consciousness.(Noam Chomsky,1975.Reflections on Language Pantheon Books.) It is fairly obvious that language is used to serve a variety of different needs but until we examine its grammar there is no clear reason for classifying its uses in any particular way However,when we examine the meaning potential of language itself,we find that the vast numbers of options embodied in it combine into a very few relatively independent“networks”, and these networks of options correspond to certain basic functions of language This enables us to give an account of the different functions of language that is relevant to the general understanding of linguistic structure rather that to any particular psychological or sociological investigation.(M.A K Halliday,nguage structure and language function,in John Lyons,NewHorizons in Linguistics penguin)参考答案I.Transcribe the following words into IPA symbols,with stress marking where necessary.(10%)1.elite//2.chimney//3.sacrifice//4.hierarchy//5.agenda//6.chaotic//7.wrestle//8.pamphlet//9.Greenwich//10.amour/II.Fill in the following blanks.(15%)1.sociolinguisticsplementary distribution3.assimilation4.case5.contrastive6.behaviourism7.Relevance8.The Meaning of Meaning9.Noam Chomsky10.linguistic potential11.referential12.Mathesius13.proficiencypositionality15.J.R.FirthIII.Define the following terms.(50%)1.Prescriptive grammar is a grammar which states rules for what is considered the best or mostgrammarian’s views of what is best.2.Back-formation.It refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already in the language.For example, from“editor”the word“edit”was generated.3.Psycholinguistics investigates the interrelation of language and mind,in processing and producing utterances and in language acquisition for example.It also studies language development in the child,such as the theories of language acquisition;biological foundations of language;and the relationship between language and cognition.4.linguistic relativity:This is one of two points in Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.It states that similarity between languages is relative,the greater their structural differentiation is,the more diverse their conceptualization of the world is.For example,not every language has the same set of words for the colors;in Spanish there is no word that corresponds to the English meaning of “blue”.5.phatic communion:The term phatic communion originates from Malinowski’s study of the functions of language.It refers to the social interaction of language.We all use small, seemlingly meaningless expressions to maintain a comfortable relationship between people without involving any factual content.Ritual exchanges about health or weather often state the obvious phatic communion.6.Traditional grammar is a grammar that is usually based on earlier grammars of Latin or Greek. It is often notional and prescriptive in their approach.7.grammatical word:Those words that express grammatical meanings,such as conjunctions, prepositions,articles,and pronouns,are grammatical words.8.theme:In systemic-functional grammar,theme is the element which serves as the point of departure of the message;it is that with which the clause is concerned.9.Cooperative principle was proposed and formulated by Grice.It expresses that in making a conversation,the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate;otherwise,it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk.It goes like this:“make your conversational contribution such as is required,at the stage at which it occurs,by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged”.This principle can be further specified as the four following maxims:Quantity,Quality,Relation;Manner.10.Hyponymy refers to the sense relationship between a more general,more inclusive and amore specific word.The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordiante, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms.IV.Explain the following statements with examples.(30%)1.Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative,and conventionality of language makes teaming a language laborious.Key:The widely accepted designing feature of arbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.For instance,we cannot explain why a book is called a/buk/and a pen a/pen/.The arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions. The link between a linguistic sign and its meaning is a matter of convention.Here we have to look at the other side of the coin of arbitrariness,namely,conventionality.Arbitrariness oflanguage laborious.Because there is already an accepted convention of what a linguistic sign means,the learner can not arbitrarily impose certain meaning to that sign as they like;instead, he has to follow and remember what has been settled down,which makes learning more difficult than just arbitrarily creating a sign to refer to certain meaning.2.Chomsky’s Innateness Hypothesis is based on his observations that some important facts can never be otherwise explained adequately.Key:Chomsky’s innateness hypothesis is based on his observations that some important facts can never be otherwise explained adequately.First,children learn their native language fast and with little effort.It is said that children become fluent speakers of their native language by the age of five.Considering the fact that small children are not yet intellectually mature for any other sciences,this is surprising fast.Second,there are other facts that are puzzling if language was not innate.Children learn their mother tongue in very different environments.But they follow more or less the same stages in acquisition:the babbling stage,nonsense word stage, holophrastic stage,two–word utterance,developing grammar,near-adult grammar,and full competence.Despite the great difference in linguistic environment,they reach uniform levels of competence.Children may be good at different things,but in their first language acquisition, their difference is amazingly small.Third,the child learns the total grammar of the language during a limited period of time,from limited exposure to speech(which is often degenerate data).He can not only produce and understand sentences he has heard,but also sentences he has never heard before.What he learns seems to be set of rules rather than individual sentences.All these suggest that although babies are not born knowing a language,they are born with a predisposition to develop a language in much the same way as they are born with a predisposition to leaner to walk.Like the ability to walk,the ability to speak and understand spoken langue seems to be a natural human activity.3.In Functional Grammar,the Interpersonal Function embodies all uses of language to express social and personal relations.Key:In Functional grammar,the interpersonal function embodies all uses of language to express social and personal relations.In terms of interpersonal function,the clause is seen as an interactive event.In this event,the speaker selects certain role and assigns a corresponding one to the addressee.If the speaker is asking a question,for example,he assumes the role of one asking for information and puts the addressee in the role of one expected to provide information.More specifically,this meta-function is realized by the grammatical structure in terms of the Mood system,and it is also in terms of it the speaker assigns the interactive role to himself and the hearer.The Mood structure reveals four types of speech function,namely,offer, command,question,and statement.For example,as to the statement,it is often referred to by a semantic category of proposition,and it is often realized by indicatives,with Subject preceding Finite.V.Answer the following questions with examples where necessary.(45%)1.To what extent is phonology related to phonetics and how do they differ?。