1. BUdget—预算an accoUnt Of PrObabIe future inCOme and expenditure during a stated, period, usu. a year USed as a guide in making finan cial arran geme nts.2. RetUrn —回扌报the gai n from an in VeStme nt, either as in come or yield or as PrOfit on the sale of the inv estme nt.3. Portfolio —证券投资组合the entire collection of inVeStments in the form of stocks, bon ds, or CertifiCate of deposits for PUrPOSeS other tha n con trolli ng4. Royalty —专利税money Paid to the owner of a COPyright for PermiSSion to PUbIiSh COPyright material and to the owner of a Pate nt for PermiSSi on to USe a Pate nted desig n, usu. at a greed PerCe ntage of the selli ng PriCe of the product.5. Patent —专利权a SPeCiaI right to an inven tor to be the on Iy PerS on to make and sell, or to authorize OtherS to make and sell a n ewly-i nven ted machi ne or process.6. Non-tariff barrier —非贸易壁垒all forms of man-made ObStrUCtions to intern atio nal trade other tha n tariffs ,in cludi ng PrOhibiti OnSand quotas, etc.7. FranChiSe —经销权an arran geme nt by WhiCh a mono poly PrOdUCer or owner gives ano ther PermiSSi on for the exclusive right to manu facture or sell the PrOdUCtS in a Certa in area.8. Purchasing power—购买力of PerSons, the public, having the money to buy goods and services.9. PPP —购买力平价PUrChaSing power Parity10. tariff —关税tax IeVied by the CUStOmS11. barriers to trade —贸易壁垒any action by a government to limit or PreVent the free flow of goods in and out of its coun try.12. primary commodities —初级产品those commodities not processed, or only SIightIy processed, usually farm PrOdUCe or raw materials13. drawback —退税duties Paid on imported goods that are refunded When re-exported14. specific duties—从量税duties IeVied on the basis of quantity, weight, SiZe etc. of the goods15. ad valorem duties—从价税duties IeVied on the basis of the PriCe of the goods16. carriage —运费the PriCe or cost of tranSPOrtatiOn17. voluntary offer —主动发盘an Ofer made On the initiative of the Oferer18. contracting PartieS —缔约方Signatories of an agreement19. force majeure—［不可抗力］social or natural CaIamitieS that take place beyond the con trol of a con tract ing Party20. firm offer —持盘an ofer whose terms and conditions are binding on the offer21.offeree—受要约人the Party to whom an offer is made22.hyperinflation —极度通货膨胀soaring of PriCeS beyond control23.inflation —通货膨胀rise in PriCeS brought about by the excess dema nd, expa nsion of money supply, Credit etc.24. protectionism-贸易保护主义the theory of the SyStem of developing home coun tries through duties and other means imposed on COmPetitiVe imports25. bilateral —双边的of two SideS26. bundling —捆绑式销售the exchange of goods or SerViCeS are tied together27. creditors —债权人a PerSon to whom one owns money28. debtor—债务人a PerSon who owes money29. default —违约fail to Carry out an Obligation30. draft —汇票an uncon diti onal order to some one to Pay a SUm of money31. remittance —汇款the Sending of money or the money sent32. drawe r —出票人the PerSon who issues a draft, usually the exporter33. drawee —受票人the PerSOn to whom a draft is drawn34. credit-worthiness-资信being believed or accepted by OtherS as reliable in making Payme nt35. applicant of an L/C —出口信用证the importer that goes to a bank for the establishme nt of an L/C36. beneficiary—受益人the company that Can make USe of an L/C to get Paid for its export37. confirming bank—保兑行the bank that adds its OWn COmmitment to an L/C38. reimburse—退款Pay back to somebody for the expenses he has SPent39. clean Credit —光票信用证a Credit that does not require ShiPPing documents for Payme nt40. sight credit—即期信用证a Credit by WhiCh Payment Can be made uponPreSe ntati on of the draft41. middleman —中间商trader through whom goods PaSS between the PrOdUCer and the con SUmer42. consignee-收货人the Party in the bill of lading to whom the goods are ShiPPed43. shipping marks—唛头What is Printed on the outer PaCking of goods as symbol for ide ntificati on in the COUrSe of tran SPOrtati on44.insurance POIiCL保险单a document USed for COVering POSSibIe risks45.title —抬头right to the POSSeSSion of a POSition or PrOPerty46.insured —被保险人a PerSon COVered by an inSUrance policy47. premium —保险费the amount Paid by an inSUred for COVerage Under the COntraCt48. potential loss—潜在损失loss WhiCh is POSSibIe to inCUr49. claim —索赔a Payment demanded in accordance With an inSUrance policy50. margin —利润amount above What is estimated as necessary51. underwriter —保险公司a PerS on who CarrieS on in SUra nce as a bus in ess52.invoice —发票a document for the general description of the goods and the PriCe53. compe nsati on—赔偿金SOmeth ing give n or received as an equivale nt for loss54. pooli ng —联营a comb in ati on of funds formed for com mon adva ntage55. multi-modal tranSPOrtation —多式联运transport that combines road, rail, Sea and air56. redeem —兑换to repay or Pay off, esp. loan stock, debentures and Preference ShareS or stock57. settlement—结算the act Of Paying a bill, debt, charge, etc58. exchange rate—汇率the PriCe at WhiCh One CUrrency Can be exchanged for ano ther CUrre ncy59. money CirCUIation —货币流通money in the hands of the PUbIiC and being USed to Pay for goods and SerViCeS60. devaluation —货币贬值the act of a government in reducing by law the exchange value of its CUrre ncy in Un its of gold or as COmPared With other CUrre ncies61. reserve-储备金money held aside to meet future dema nd62.investment—投资the act of PUtting money to USe in SOmething Offering PrOfitabIe returns63. quota—配额a limit PIaCed by a government on the amount of imports or commodity64. VER —自动出口限制an agreement by a COUntry ' S exporters or government to limit their exports or gover nment to limit their exports to ano ther COUntry65.intellectual PrOPerty —知识产权Certain non-tangible assets held, Principally COVeri ng the areas of Pate nt PrOteCti on ,registered trade marks and desig ns, and copy-right66. tax holiday —免税期a PeriOd of time during WhiCh tax is not IeVied67. jo int ven ture —合资企业a bus in ess Where the PrOViSi on of risk CaPitaI is Shared betwee n two or more firms68. gilts —金边债券StOCkS issued by government69. cost-effective —成本效益好PrOdUCing OPtimUm results for the expenditure70. anti-dumping —反倾销one form of action WhiCh may be taken by a government to PrOteCt in dustries from Un fair COmPetitiO n by WhiCh goods are sold at a PriCe lower tha n in the COUntry Where they are manu factured71. mandate—授权authority given to PerfOrm a duty72. cOntraCting Party—缔约国a COUntry or firm that Signs a legal agreement73. VisibIe trade 有形贸易：The form of commodity trade, i.e. export ing and import ing goods PrOdUCed or manu factured in one COUntry for con SUmPti on or resalein ano ther. (in Clud ing CaSh tran SaCt ion-by means Of money and market, and coun ter trade)74.1 nvisible trade 无形贸易：The form of tran SPOrtati on, com muni Cati on, banking, in SUra nce, COn sult ing, in formatio n etc. is called in ViSibIe trade or SerViCe in dustries.75. FDI( foreig n direct inv estme nts) is made of returns through con trolli ng the en terprises or assets in VeSted in a host coun try.76. Portfolio inv estme nt 证券投资:PUrChaSeS of foreig n finan cial assets for a PUrPOSe other tha n con trolli ng.77. B onds 债券:The PaPerS issued by a gover nment or a firm With PrOmiSe to Pay back the money lent or inv ested together With in terest.78. Licensing 许可经营:In licensing, a firm IeaSeS the right to USe its intellectual PrOPerty to a firm in ano ther coun try. They choose lice nsing because they do not have to make CaSh Payme nts to Stat bus in ess, and Can SimPIy receive in come in the form of royalty.79. Franchising特许经营:a firm called the franChiSee, is allowed to OPerate in the n ame of ano ther, called the fran ChiSer who PrOVideS the former With trademarks, brand n ames, logos, and OPerat ing tech niq UeS for royalty.80. Fra nchiser 特许方:A firm who PrOVideS the fran ChiSee With trademarks, brand n ames, logos and OPerat ing tech niq UeS for royalty.81. Fra nchisee被特许方:A firm is allowed to OPerate in the n ame of ano ther.82. GNP 国民生产总值：Gross national Product. The market value of goods and SerViCeS PrOdUCed by the PrOPerty and labor owned by the reside nts of an economy.83. GDP 国内生产总值：Gross DOmeStiC Product. The market value of all goods and SerViCeS PrOdUCed Withi n the geographic area of an economy.84. Per CaPita GDP人均国内生产总值：It is calculated by dividi ng its total GDP by its populati on, WhiCh reveals the average in come level of con SUmers.85.ln come distributi on 收入分布:The proporti ons of its rich, middle in come and poor people.86. Free trade area!由贸易区:The members remove barriers to trade among themselves while still adopts each own exter nal policy87. Customs Un io n 关税同盟:The members remove barriers to trade among themselvesand adopt the Same exter nal policy88. Com mon market 共同市场：The members remove barriers not only to trade but also to factors of PrOdUCt ion and adopt the Same exter nal policy.89. Ec ono mic Union (EU)经济同盟:The members remove barriers not only to trade but also to factors of PrOdUCt ion, adopt the Same exter nal policy and harm onize their taxati on, gover nment expe nditure, in dustry policies and USe the Same CUrre ncy.90. Pare nt MNC headquarte 跨国公司母公司，总部is the origi nal in VeSt ing mult in ati onal corporati on . It is also the intern ati onal headquarters of the MNE .91. Home COUnty 母国：The COUntry Where the headquarter of the in VeStOr is located.92. Host COUntry 东道国：The host COUntry is a foreig n COUntry Where the inv estor operates.93. Absolute adva ntage绝对禾U益:It holds that a commodity will be PrOdUCed in the COUntry Where it costs least in terms of resources (CaPital, la nd and labor)parative adva ntage：匕较禾U益:EVe n if a COUntry is less efficie nt tha n ano ther in the PrOdUCti on of both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually ben eficial trade.1.」nternational trade 国际贸易:The exchange of goods and SerViCeS PrOdUCed in one COUntry With those PrOdUCed in ano ther SUffiCie nt.2.Im port duties 进口关税:TariffS IeVied on goods en teri ng an area3. Export duties 出口关税:TaXeS IeVied on goods leav ing an area4. Most-favored-nation (MFN) treatment 最惠国待遇:A tariff treatment Under WhiCh a COUntry is required to exte nd to all Sig natories any tariff con CeSSi OnSgran ted to any PartiCiPati ng COUntry5.lnquiry / enquiry 询盘、询价:It is made by the buyers to get information about the goods to be Ordered SUCh as qua ntity, SPeCifiCati ons, prices, time of ShiPme nt and other terms.6. Quotati on 扌报盘:EStimate of how much SOmethi ng will cost7. Co Un ter offer 还盘:NeW offer made by the orig inal Offeree to the orig inal Offerer8.i nflati on : RiSe in PriCeS brought about by the excess dema nd, expa nsion of money supply, Credit etc9. Barter 易货贸易:The direct exchange of goods and services, WhiCh is completed in a short PeriOd of time.10. CoUnter PurChaSe反向购买、互购贸易：The assumptiOn by an exporter Of a tran SferabIe obligati On through SeParate but Iin ked COn tract to accept as full or PartiaI Payme nt goods and SerViCeS from the importer or importi ng COUn try.11. Buyback 回购贸易:An agreement by an exporter of plant and equipment to take back in the future Part of the OUtPUt PrOdUCed by these goods as full or PartiaI Payme nt.12. Remitta nce 7匚付:ThiS method is always employed by the PartieS who are familiar With and trust each other13. Docume ntary draft 跟单汇票:The draft is accompa nied by the releva nt docume nts.14. Documentary collection 跟单托收:It is means of enSUring that the goods are only han ded over to the buyer Whe n the amount show n on a bill of excha nge is Paid or Whe n the CUStOmer accepts the bill as a con tract to Pay by a SPeCified date.15.Sight draft 即期汇票:The draft calls for immediate Payment on PreSentation to the drawee.16. Usance draft远期汇票Term draft = Tenor draft: The draft is PayabIe at a later date on PreSe ntati on to the drawee.17. Draft 7匚票:=Bill of exchange . It is an unconditional order to a bank or a CUStOmer to Pay a SUm of money to some one on dema nd or at a fixed time in the future.18. bill of exchange —汇票Written order drawn by the beneficiary on the bank for the PUrPOSe of Payme nt19. Applicant (OPener or PrinCiPaI)申请人:The PerSon who inStrUCtS his bank to issue an L/C. (the importer)20. applica nt of an L/C :The importer that goes to a bank for the establishme nt of an L/C21.OPening bank (ISSUing bank, EStabIiShing banl开证行:The bank that issues the credit.22.OPe ning bank: the bank that issues the Ietter of Credit is called the ope ning bank .23. Be neficiary 受益人:The exporter in whose favor the Credit is ope ned24. CorrespOndentbane往来行、关系行:The bank in theexporter ' S country, WhiCh the ope ning bank sends the Credit to it25. Advising bank 通知行：The bank in the exporter ' S COuntry, WhiCh advises the exporter the L/C, is received.26. COnfirming bank 保兑行:The bank adds its COnfirmatiOn to the credit.27. Paying bank付款行:The bank accepts or negotiates the bill of exchange.28. Negotiating bank议付行:The bank buys the exporter ' S draft SUbmitted to it Under a credit.29. The documentary Credit跟单信用证:The CreditS that require ShiPPing documents to be PreSe nted together With the draft.30. Revocable Credit可撤消信用证:The CreditS Can be altered or even Canceled WithOUt con sult ing With the ben eficiary.31.1 rrevocable Credit 不可撤消信用证:The Credit that CannOt be amended or revoked WithOUt the COnSent of al the PartieS COnCern ed.32. C on firmed Credit 保兑信用证:The Credit is con firmed by a bank other tha n the issu ing bank33. U neon firmed Credit 不保兑信用：The Credit isn ' t con firmed by ano ther bank34.Sight Credit 即期信用证:The Credit by WhiCh Payment Can be made uponPreSe ntati on of the draft35. usance Credit (Term credit, Time Credit远期信用证:The Credit by WhiCh Payment CannOt be made Un til a SPeCifiC date or a SPeCifiC time after the date of after sight.36. Transferable Credit可转让信用证:The Credit Can be tranSferred by the original ben eficiary to one or more parties.37. Non-tranSferabIe Credit不可转让信用证:The Credit CannOt be tranSferred.38. Non-draft Credit 无汇票信用证:The Credit that Payment of to be made byPreSe ntati on of the docume nts WithOUt the formality of draW ing and PreSe nti ng a draft.39. RevoIVing Credit 循环信用证:The Credit StiPUIated that its amount can be reneWed or rein Stated WithOUt SPeCifiC ame ndme nt to the Credit being made.40. Commercial invoice 商业发票:The document is the general description of the quality and qua ntity of the goods and the Unitand total price.41. Legal holder 合法持有人is an OWner of a PrOPerty Who is entitled to it by IaW42. Packing IiSt 装箱单：The documents gives information SuCh as the number, date, n ame and descriptio n Of the goods, ShiPP ing marks, PaCk ing, nu mber of packages, SPeCifiC COntentS of each PaCkage and its net With and gross Weight etc.43.Straight bill of lading 记名提单:It is made out so that Only the named COnSignee is en titled to take delivery of the goods Un der the bill.44. Common Carrier公共承运人:It is PriVateIy or PUbIiCIy owned companies COmmitted to PerfOrm ing a moveme nt SerViCe of the Same quality for all ShiPPerS on an equal basis and WithOUt discrim in ati on.45. Co ntract Carrier 契约承运人:In dividual con tracts may be arran ged betwee n tran SPOrtati on USerS and CarrierS (the tran SPOrtati on compa ny).46.lnSUred被保险人，保户:The PerSOn who transfer risk.47.lnSUrer承保人:The PerSon or a company who assume risk (the insurance compa ny, the Un derwriter).48. Cargo inSUrance货物保险:It is an activity aimed at moving the burden of risk from the shoulders of the exports and importers, and plac ing it upon the shoulders of SPeCiaIiSt risk-beari ng Un derwriters.49. Marine inSUrance海上保险:The inSUrance of ShiPS and their cargoes.50.ln SUra nce 保险:It is a social device in WhiCh a group of in dividuals tran Sfer risk and PrOVideS for Payme nt of IoSSeS from funds con tributed by all members who tran Sferred risk.51.Direct quote / quotation (汇率)直接标价:A direct exchange rate is the PriCe of a foreign CUrrency in terms of the home CUrrency. 1 美元=6.8 元夕卜币为基准52.ln direct quote / quotati on (汇率)间接标价:An in direct excha nge rate is the PriCe of home CUrre ncy in terms of a foreig n CUrre ncy.53.Buying rate 买入价:It refers to the rate by WhiCh a COmmerCiaI bank buys a CUrre ncy.54.SeIIing rate卖出价:It is the rate by WhiCh a bank sells a CUrrency.55.MediaI rate 中间价It is the average of the buying rate and the selling rate.56.SDR 特别提款权:SPeCiaI DraWing Right. It is SOmetimeS called PaPer gold and USed to SettIe OffiCiaI tran SaCt ion at the IMF.57. Anti-dumping 反倾销:to restrict the export expansion of other countries.58. biz PIan :商业计戈U future actiOnS to be taken by a COmPany, COnCeming products, PrOduCt ion, market, i nv estme nt, etc.59. collateral : PrOPerty or an item of value acceptable as SeCUrity for a loa n Or other obligati on.担保物：被接受作为抵押或其他义务担保的财产60. stock excha nge证券交易市场a market Where StOCkS and ShareS are bought and sold Un der fixed rules, but at PriCeS determ ined by SUPPIy & dema nd.61. retail :零售the sale of goods or commodities in small quantities directly tocon SUmers.62. tax deduct ion : an expe ns费用that a taxpayer is allowed to deduct from taxable in come.63. policy :保单the Prin ted legal docume nt Stati ng the terms of in SUra nce con tract that is issued to the policyholder投保人by company.64. public relations :公关PR, the activity of keeping good relationShiPS between an orga ni Zati on and the people OUtSide it.65. depressi on : a PeriOd of drastic decli ne in a n ati onal or intern ati onal economy, CharaCteriZed by decreas ing biz activity, falli ng prices, and Un employme nt.萧条，不景气：国家（或国际）经济不景气的一段时期，其特征是商业活动减少、价格下降、失业66. Trade deficit :贸易逆差imports minus exports of goods and services.67. trade SUrPIUS K易顺差exports minus imports of goods and services.68. Balance of trade 贸易支付差额the value of COUntry ' S exports minus the value of its imports.69. trade SanCtiOn : USe of a trade policy as a San Cti on, most com monly an embar∣fe 运imposed against a COUntry for violating human rights.70. trade reciprocity 贸易互惠:the PraCtiCe by WhiCh governments extend SimiIar conCeSSions 让步to each other, as When one gov ' t IoWeESOtSO t her barriers imped ing its imports in excha nge for equivale nt con CeSSi on from a tradi ng Part ner on barriers affect ing its exports.71. ve nture CaPital : MOney made available for in VeStme nt in inno VatiVe en terprises Orresearch, especially in high tech no Iogy ,in WhiCh both the risk of loss and the pote ntial for PrOfit may be con Siderable. Also called risk CaPitaI风险资本：投放在富革新精神的企业或研究的资金，尤指用于高科技，其中亏损的风险和赢利的潜力可能都会很大也作risk CaPitaI72. start-up: a biz or Undertaking事业that has recently begUn OPeration.73. balance Sheet资产负债表,缩写B.S.: a financial Statement that reports the assets and equities of a compa ny at a PartiCUIar time^ 个公司或机构在指定日期的资产、负债和所有者投资的列表说明74. re-capitalization 资本额的调整the act or PrOCeSS of Changing the CaPitaI StrUCtUre of a compa ny.75. stock market : a place Where stocks, bon ds, or other SeCUritieS are bought and sold.76. cash flow : The CaSh receipts or net in come from one or more assets for a give n period, reck oned after taxes and other disburseme nts, and ofte n USed as a measure of corporate worth.现金流出量：在特定的一段时间内来自一项或数项财产，扣除税收和其它支付金额外所得的现金收入或净收入，常用来衡量公司的价值77.1 abor- inten SiVe : requiri ng or hav ing a large expe nditure of labor in COmPariS on to CaPitaI.78.market Share : the proporti on of total sales volumes of a Certa in market that a compa ny captures.79.1 ntellectual CaPitaI : assets or CaPitaI in the form of kno WIedge Pate nt or tech no logy, etc.80. publicly traded compa nies (PTC) : compa nies whose ShareS are traded in stock markets.81. emerging markets 新兴市场:markets WhiCh are newly formed or have just come into PrOminen ce.82. portfolio inVeStment(有价)证券投资:investment in SeCUritieS SUCh as bonds and StOCkS With the aim to earn in terest and divide nds rather tha n PartiCiPate in the man ageme nt of compa ni es.83. stock tur no ver:库存［商品］周转率the nu mber of times a PartiCUIar stock of goods is sold and restocked duri ng a give n PeriOd of time.84.1 ead time订货至交货的时间：the PeriOd Of time between the actual Ordering Of PartS or equipme nt and the delivery of them.85. dealerships : A franChiSe to SeIl SPeCified items in a Certain area商品代理权：在某一区域内出售某特定商品的特许权86. ec OnO mic recessi On : An exte nded decli ne in gen eral bus in ess activity, typically three COn SeCUtiVe quarters of falli ng real gross n ati Onal PrOdUC衰退：经济活动普遍而持续地衰败，尤指三个连续季度的社会总产品净值的下降87. depressi On : A PeriOd of drastic decli ne in a n ati Onal or intern ati Onal economy, CharaCteriZed by decreas ing bus in ess activity, falli ng prices, and Un employme nt.88.liqUidity SqUeeZe流动性逃避:financial PreSSUre CaUSed by ShOrtageS of narrowing econo mic margi ns.89.reverse merger借壳上市）:it is a SPeCiaI kind of acquisition that enables a PriVate compa ny to get publicly-listed in a relatively short time period. a reverse merger OCCUrS Whe n a PriVate compa ny that has StrOng PrOSPeCtS and is eager to raise financing buys a publicly-listed shell company（空壳公司）。