微观经济学词汇完整版作者：汤井旗Ten Principles of Microeconomics#1: People Face Tradeoffs#2: The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It#3: Rational People Think at the Margin#4: People Respond to Incentives#5: Trade Can Make Everyone Better Off#6: Markets Are Usually a Good Way to Organize Economic Activity#7: Governments Can Sometimes Improve Market Outcomes#8: A Country’s Standard of Living Depends on Its Ability to Produce Goods and Services#9: Prices Rise When the Government Prints Too Much Money#10: Society Faces a Short-Run Tradeoff between Inflation and Unemploymentscarcity稀缺性 the lim ited nature of society’s resourcesefficiency效率 the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resourcesequity公平 the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of societyopportunity cost机会成本 whatever must be given up to obtain some itemmarginal changes边际变动 small incremental adjustments to a plan of actionmarket economy市场经济 an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services market failure市场失灵 a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficientlyexternality外部性the impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystandermarket power市场势力the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market pricesproductivity生产力the amount of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker’s timePhillips curve菲利普斯曲线 a curve that shows the short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemploymentcircular-flow diagram循环流向图 a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firmsproduction possibilities frontier生产可能性边界 a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technologymicroeconomics微观经济学 the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in marketsmacroeconomics宏观经济学 the study of economy-wide phenomena,including inflation, unemployment, and economic growthpositive statements实证表述claims that attempt to describe the world as it isnormative statements规范表述 claims that attempt to prescribe how the world should be reverse causality反向因果关系competitive market竞争性市场a market in which there are manybuyers and many sellers so that eachhas a negligible impact on the marketpriceprice takers价格接受者those who have no impact on price but can only accept the pricePerfectly competitive markets竞争充分市场One such market,called an oligopoly寡头市场,has a few sellers that do not always competeaggressivelylaw of demand：the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls whenthe price of the good riseslaw of supply：the claim that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when theprice of the good risesnormal good正常商品：a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to anincrease in demandinferior good劣质商品：a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to adecrease in demandsubstitutes替代品：two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to an increase inthe demand for the othercomplements互补品：two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease inthe demand for the otherdemand schedule需求表：a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good andthe quantity demandedsupply schedule：a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and thequantity suppliedceteris paribus其它条件不变：a Latin phrase, translated as “other things being equal,” used as a reminder that all variables other than the ones being studied are assumed to be constantA 10 percent increase in the price causes a 12 percent drop in teenage smoking（这句话让我说肯定是in smoking among teenagers）At an even lower price, you may choose to go out of business altogether (这个词的用法以前没怎么注意，此处可以翻译为“直接”)Equilibrium均衡a situation in which supply and demand have been brought into balanceequilibrium price均衡价格the price that balances supply and demandequilibrium quantity均衡数量the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded when the pricehas adjusted to balance supply and demandThe equilibrium price is sometimes called the market-clearing price市场出清价格because,atthis price, everyone in the market has been satisfied: Buyers have bought all they want to buy,and sellers have sold all they want to sellThere is no upward or downward pressure on the pricelaw of supply and demand供需法则the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring thesupply and demand for that good into balanceshortage短缺a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity suppliedsurplus过剩a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demandedElasticity弹性a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied toone of its determinantsprice elasticity of demand需求的价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity demanded of agood responds to a change in the price of that good,computed as the percentage change inquantity demanded divided by the percentage change in priceincome elasticity of demand需求的收入弹性a measure of how much the quantity demandedof a good responds to a change in consumers’ income, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in incomecross-price elasticity of demand需求交叉价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity demanded of one good responds to a change in the price of another good,computed as the percentage changein quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in the price of the second goodprice elasticity of supply供给的价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good,computed as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in priceDemand for a good is said to be elastic if the quantity demanded responds substantially to changes in the price.Demand is said to be inelastic if the quantity demanded responds only slightly to changes in the price.midpoint method中点法经济学中计算弹性的一种方法elastic demand弹性需求inelastic demand非弹性需求price ceiling最高限价a legal maximum on the price at which a good can be sold (impose a price ceiling/floor)price floor最低限价a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be soldWhen the government imposes a binding price ceiling on a competitive market, a shortage of the good arises,and sellers must ration the scarce goods among the large number of potential buyers.tax incidence税收归宿the study of who bears the burden of taxationpayroll tax:工资税A tax burden falls more heavily on the side of the market that is less elastic.welfare economics福利经济学the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-beingwillingness to pay支付意愿the maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a goodconsumer surplus消费者剩余a buyer’s willingness to pay minus the amount the buyer actually paysproducer surplus生产者剩余the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller’s cost marginal buyer边际买家the buyer who would leave the market first if the price were any higher marginal seller边际卖家the seller who would leave the market first if the price were any lower efficiency效率the property of a resource allocation of maximizing the total surplus received by all members of societyequity公平the fairness of the distribution of well-being among the members of societyIn some markets,a single buyer or seller(or a small group of them)may be able to control market prices. This ability to influence prices is called market power市场势力.market failure市场失灵—the inability of some unregulated markets to allocate resources efficientlydeadweight loss无谓损失/社会净损失the fall in total surplus that results from a market distortion, such as a taxTaxes cause deadweight losses because they prevent buyers and sellers from realizing some of the gains from trade.The greater the elasticities of supply and demand, the greater the deadweight loss of a tax.marginal tax rate边际税率underground economy地下经济Laffer curve拉弗曲线supply-side economics供应经济学world price世界价格the price of a good that prevails in the world market for that goodimport quota进口配额a limit on the quantity of a good that can be produced abroad and solddomesticallydeadweight loss无谓损失/社会净损失：是指由于市场未处于最优运行状态而引起的社会成本,也就是当偏离竞争均衡时,所损失的消费者剩余和生产者剩余。