第十讲特殊句式（倒装，省略，主谓一致等）1．完全倒装(1)表示方式或方位的副词或介词短语，如here, there, now, then, up, down, in, away, off, out, in the room, on the wall等，置于句首时，完全倒装。
John opened the door. There stood a girl he had never seen before.约翰打开门，他从来没见过的一位女孩站在那儿Down came the rain and up went the umbrellas.下雨了，伞都撑起来了。
[点津]上述情况中，若主语是人称代词，则主谓语不用倒装。
Away they went.他们走了。
(2)表语位于句首时，其倒装结构为“表语＋连系动词＋主语”。
Present at the meeting were some scientists from China.许多来自中国的科学家出席了会议。
Gone are the days when we were poor.我们贫穷的日子一去不复返了。
2．部分倒装(1)only修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句，且放在句首时。
Only after they had discussed the matter for several hours did they reach a decision.(摘自2011湖南高考)直到他们把那个问题讨论了几个小时之后才作出决定。
(2)否定副词never, nor, not, hardly, little, seldom, scarcely, rarely及表否定意义的介词短语at no time, under/in no circumstances, in no case, by no means, on no condition等置于句首时。
Not until he left his home did he begin to know how important the family was for him.(摘自2010江西高考)直到他离开了家，他才开始知道家庭对他来说有多么重要。
(3)hardly ...when ..., no sooner ...than ..., not only ...but also ...等引导两个句子时，前一个句子用部分倒装，后一个句子不倒装。
Hardly/Scarcely had he heard the news when he began to cry.一听到这个消息他就哭了。
The computer was used in teaching. As a result, not only was teachers' energy saved, but students became more interested in the lessons. 电脑被应用于教学中，结果，不仅节省了老师的精力，学生也对课堂感兴趣了。
(4)so/neither/nor置于句首，意为“也(不)”，表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一个人或事物时，要用部分倒装，其句型为：so/neither/nor＋be/助动词/情态动词＋主语……。
Since my return to China, I haven't seen my host mother in America, nor have I heard from her.自从我回到中国之后就没有见过我在美国的房东妈妈，也没有收到她的来信。
[点津]so表示“是的，确实”时，主谓语不倒装。
—It is too hot. ——天太热了。
—So it is. ——是啊，的确很热。
(5)在so ...that ...和such ...that ...句式中，如果so或such引导的部分位于句首时，主句中的主语和谓语需要部分倒装。
So frightened was she that she could not say a word.她如此害怕以致于一句话也说不出来。
Such great progress did he make that he was praised.他取得了如此大的进步以致于受到了表扬。
(6)as, though引导让步状语从句时，可将表语、状语或谓语动词提前，构成倒装。
句式为：表语、状语或动词原形＋as/though＋主语＋其他。
Unsatisfied though he was with the payment, he took the job just to get some work experience.(摘自2009重庆高考) 虽然他对那份工作的报酬不满意，但是为了得到一些工作经验他还是接受了。
Much as he likes the car, he can't afford it.尽管他很喜欢这辆车，但他买不起。
1．The notice says that only when your identity has been checked ________________. (allow)通知写到：只有当身份得到核实时才能允许你进来。
答案：will you be allowed in2．We laugh at jokes, but seldom ______________________ about how they work.(think)听到笑话我们会大笑，但是我们很少思考他们是怎样起作用的。
答案：do we think1．强调句型结构：It is/was ＋被强调部分＋that ＋其他部分。
如果被强调的部分是人，可用who代替that。
(1)时态的运用：强调句中的时态要根据原句的时态来确定用is 还是was。
即原句为过去的某种时态，则强调句中就用was；若原句为现在的某种时态，强调句中就用is。
(2)句型变化：①be 动词置于句首构成一般疑问句。
Was it in the park that you met him?你是在公园遇见他的吗？②特殊疑问词＋be＋it＋that ...？构成特殊疑问句。
What was it that prevented him from coming in time?是什么阻止了他及时赶来？③反意疑问句必须和主句一致。
It was at ten last night that I knew the news, wasn't it?是在昨天晚上十点我知道的这个消息，是不是？(3)人称和数的运用：被强调的部分如果是句子的主语，that/who 之后的谓语动词在人称和数上应与句子的主语保持一致。
It is I that/who am your friend that will come to see you.正是作为你朋友的我要来看你。
(4)对not ... until ...结构的强调：强调not ...until ...句型的时间状语时，要把not 与until 放在一起。
It was not until 10 o'clock that I finished my homework.直到十点钟，我才完成作业。
2．强调句型与相关句型的辨析(1)与定语从句的辨析：①It was in the factory that they met for the first time. ②It was the factory where they met for the first time.句①为强调句型，强调的是地点状语in the factory，该句可还原为：They met in the factory for the first time.。
句②为含有一个定语从句的主从复合句，where 引导的定语从句修饰先行词the factory，并在从句中作地点状语，不可用that。
(2)与主语从句的辨析：①It is the Great Wall that they are going to visit. ②It's true that they are going to visit the Great Wall.句①为强调句型，强调的是宾语the Great Wall。
该句可还原为：They are going to visit the Great Wall.。
句②为含有一个主语从句的复合句，that 引导的从句是句子的真正主语，it 为形式主语，该句可改为：That they are going to visit the Great Wall is true.。
(3)与状语从句的辨析：①It was at 8 o'clock that he arrived home. ②It was 8 o'clock when he arrived home.句①为强调句型，强调的是时间状语at 8 o'clock，该句可还原为：He arrived home at 8 o'clock.。
句②为when引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句。
(4)与同位语从句的辨析：①It is the fact that has made us unhappy. ②It is a fact that he has lost the game by one score.句①为强调句型，强调的是主语the fact，该句可还原为：The fact has made us unhappy.。
句②为同位语从句，that 引导的同位语从句解释的是fact 的内容。
3．谓语动词的强调强调句型不能强调谓语，如果需要强调谓语，用助动词do，did 或does。
He did write to you last week.他在上周确实给你写信了。
1．It was not until midnight _________________ because of traffic jams.(get)因为交通阻塞直到午夜我们才到家。
答案：that we got home2．I can't figure out ______________ that makes him so difficult at school.(be)。
我弄不明白到底是什么使他在学校(过得)如此难。
答案：what it is1．在when, while, whenever, till, as soon as, if, unless, as if, though, as等引导的状语从句中，若谓语部分含有be 动词，而主语又与主句主语相同或主语是it时，从句的主语和be动词常被省略。