4.2.2 Complementary（互补）~ –E.g. alive vs. dead; male vs. female;
4.2.3 Converse（反向）~ –E.g. give vs. receive; husband vs. wife.
4.4 Homonymy
Sound Spelling Meaning Example
Concept
word
thing
2.4.2 Sense and Reference
• Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and decontextualized.
1)Innocent—guilty 2)Borrow—lend 3)Strong-weak 4)Furniture—desk 6)Knight—night 7)Autumn—fall
Homophon#43;
Homonym +
+
-
Night vs. Knight
-
Lead vs. Lead
-
Bank vs. Bank
4.5 Hyponymy
Furniture Super-ordinate
Desk
Table
Bed
Co-hyponyms
Exercises
• Tell the sense relations of these pairs of words
• Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
2.1 Seven types of meaning by G. Leech 2.2 Naming theory（名命论） 2.3 Contextualism(语境论) 2.3 Behaviorism（行为主义理论） 2.4 Conceptualism（概念论）
2.1 Seven types of meaning
contexts which include situational context and linguistic context;
2.5 Behaviorism
• Founder: Bloomfield; • Idea: meaning is the situation in which the
Meaning Word Meaning Sentence Meaning Lexical Meaning Grammatical Meaning Conceptual Meaning Associative Meaning Thematic Meaning
2.2 The Naming Theory
Semantics
Contents
I. Definition of Semantics II. Meanings of MEANING III. Conceptualism IV. Sense Relations V. Componential Analysis VI. Sentence Meaning
I. Definition of Semantics
• Semantics is a branch of linguistics on the study of meaning which consists of word meaning and sentential meaning.
II. Meanings of MEANING
speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer, （说话者的语境和听话者的反应）
2.4 Conceptualism
• Founder: Ogden and Richards; • Idea: there is no direct link between a
linguistic form and what it refers to; rather, a concept in the mind, i.e. the meaning of a word is its concept.
2.4.1 Semantic Triangle
• A theory proposed by Ogden and Richards, which argues that the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct. It is mediated by concept.
IV. Sense relations between words
4.1 Synonymy（同义）; 4.2 Antonymy（反义）. 4.3 Homonymy（同形/同音异义）; 4.4 Hyponymy（上下义）;
4.1 Synonymy
4.2.1 Stylistic（文体）synonyms;
– E.g. old man, daddy, dad, father, male parent;
4.1.2 Dialectal（方言）synonyms;
– E.g. autumn vs. fall;
4.2 Antonymy
4.2.1 Gradable（等级）antonyms: –E.g. good vs. bad; long vs. short;
• Founder: Aristotle and Plato; • Idea: words are just names or labels in things;
2.3 Contextualism
• Founder: Firth; • Idea: meaning can be derived from observable