第11章第二语言和外语教学11.1 复习笔记本章要点：1. The relation between linguistics and language teaching语言学与语言教学之间的关系2. Grammar, input and language learning语法、输入与语言学习3. Interlanguage in language teaching语言教学中的中介语4. Linguistics and syllabus design语言学与教学大纲设计5. Contrastive analysis and error analysis对比分析与错误分析6. Corpus linguistics and language teaching语料库语言学与语言教学常考考点：语言学与语言教学的关系；语言学与语言学习；语言学与教学大纲设计；二语学习者的主要障碍；对比分析与错误分析；中介语；语料库语言学与语言教学等。
本章内容索引：I. Definition of Applied LinguisticsII. The Relation between Linguistics and Language Teaching III. Linguistics and Language Learning1. Grammar and Language Learning2. Input and Language Learning3. Interlanguage in Language LearningIV. Linguistics and Language T eaching1. The discourse-based view of language teaching2. The universal grammar (UG) and language teaching V. Syllabus Design1. Syllabus and curriculum2. Theoretical views behind syllabus design3. Types of syllabus(1) The structural syllabus(2) The situational syllabus(3) The communicative syllabus(4) The task-based syllabus4. Current trends in syllabus design(1) The co-existence of the old and the new(2) The emphasis on the learning process(3) The inclusion of non-linguistic objectives in syllabus(4) The emergency of the multi-syllabusVI. Contrastive Analysis (CA) and Error Analysis (EA)1. Contrastive Analysis (CA)2. Error Analysis (EA)(1) Error vs. mistake(2) Different types of errors3. The procedure of error analysis(1) Recognition(2) Description(3) ExplanationVII. Corpus Linguistics and Language Teaching1. Types of corpora(1) General corpora(2) Specialized corpora(3) Sample corpora(4) Monitor corpora2. Information provided by corpora(1) Frequency information(2) Context and co-text information(3) Grammatical information(4) Collocation and phraseology information(5) Pragmatics information▼VIII. Foreign Language Education PolicyI. Definition of Applied Linguistics (应用语言学的定义)Broadly speaking, applied linguistics refers to the study of language and linguistics in relation to language-related problems, such as lexicography, translation, etc. Applied linguistics uses information from linguistics with the aim to develop its own theoretical models of areas, such as syllabus design, speech therapy, language planning, stylistics etc. Narrowly speaking, applied linguistics refers to the study of second and foreign language learning and teaching, i.e. the study of language and linguistics in relation to language learning and teaching.从广义上讲，应用语言学是对语言、语言学与语言相关的问题的研究，例如词典编纂学，翻译等。
应用语言学运用来自语言学的信息来发展它自身理论模块部分，例如教学大纲设计，言语治疗，语言规划，文体学等。
从狭义上讲，应用语言学是指对第二语言和语言教学的研究，例如研究语言和语言学与语言教学的关系。
II. The Relation between Linguistics and Language Teaching (语言学与语言教学的关系)Language teaching is a section of applied linguistics and applied linguistics is part (or a branch) of linguistics. Some knowledge of linguistics will not only help language teachers to better understand the nature of language, but also help them better understand how to teach language. Theoretical approaches of languageexplicitly or implicitly inform the approaches and methods adopted in language teaching.【考点：语言学与语言教学对于语言的不同看法】语言教学是应用语言学的一个部分，而应用语言学又是语言学的一个分支。
掌握一些语言学的知识不仅有助于这些读者进一步认识语言本质，也有助于他们更加深入地理解如何教好语言。
语言学理论直接地或间接地影响着语言教学的途径和方法。
III. Linguistics and Language Learning (语言学与语言学习)Many language learning theories are proposed based on certain linguistic theories. Actually, knowledge in linguistics lies at the root of understanding what language learners can learn, how they learn and what they learn ultimately. Therefore, linguistics has always played an important role in the studies of language acquisition and learning.许多语言学习理论都是基于某种语言学理论提出的。
事实上，语言学知识能够使我们真正理解学习者能够学习什么样的语言，怎样学习语言以及最终能够学到什么。
因此，语言学在语言习得研究和语言学习研究中一直起着十分重要的作用。
1. Grammar and Language Learning (语法与语言学习)(1) The discrete-point grammar instruction conducted by more traditionallanguage teachers has been widely criticized for focusing on forms and ignoring meanings. A recent movement called “focus on form” seems to be the outcome of the compromise between the “purely form-focusedapproaches” and the “purely meaning-focused approaches”. It has a more balanced view on the role of grammar in language teaching.很多传统的语言教师将语法割裂为孤立的语法知识点来分别讲解，这种做法已经受到广泛的批评，因为它仅仅关注语言形式而忽略了语言的意义。
作为“完全以语言形式为中心”和“完全以语言意义为中心”的折中途径，近年来出现的“关注语言形式”(focus on form)对语言学习中语法的作用采取了一种折中的态度。
(2) The relevance of Universal Grammar (UG) and complexity language structuresare the two variables concerning the amenability of language elements to focus on form. According to the advocates of focus on form, if an L2 structure is part of UG, the amenability is high; otherwise, the amenability is low. In focus on form, different measures will be taken with a regard to whether the amenability of a form (structure) is high or low.主要有两个变量影响语言成分在“关注语言形式”中的顺从性，即普遍语法(UG)的相关度和语言结构的复杂度。