第6章语言与认知6.1 复习笔记本章要点：1. Psycholinguistics心理语言学2. Language acquisition, language comprehension, language production 语言习得，语言的理解，语言的生成3. First language acquisition第一语言习得4. Cognitive linguistics认知语言学常考考点：语言习得；第一语言习得；语言的理解和生成；范畴；隐喻；整合理论等。
本章内容索引：I. Definition of cognitionII. Definition of PsycholinguisticsIII. Language acquisition1. The Behaviorist Approach2. The Innateness HypothesisIV. Language comprehension1. Sound Comprehension2. Word recognition3. Comprehension of sentences4. Comprehension of textV. Language Production1. Access to words2. Generation of sentences3. Written language productionVI. Cognitive Linguistics1. Definition2. Construal and Construal Operations(1) Attention/ Salience(2) Judgment/ Comparison(3) Perspective/ Situatedness3. Categorization(1) Basic level(2) Superordinate level(3) Subordinate level4. Image Schemas5. Metaphor(1) Ontological metaphors(2) Structural metaphors(3) Orientional metaphors6. Metonymy7. Blending TheoryI. Definition of cognition (认知的定义)Cognition is used in several different loosely related disciplines. In psychology it is used to refer to the mental processes of an individual, with particular relation to a concept which argues that the mind has internal mental states (such as beliefs, desires and intentions) and can be understood as information processing, especially when much abstraction or concretization is involved, or processes such as involving knowledge, expertise or learning for example are at work. Another definition of “cognition” is the mental process or faculty of knowing, including aspects such as awareness, perception, reasoning, and judgment.“认知”一词既可用于不同学科也可用于相关学科。
在心理学中，“认知”是指个人的心理过程，即心智具有内部心理状态（比如信念、意志和意愿）。
特别是在许多具象和抽象交织在一起时，如知识、技能和学习共同作用时，采用信息处理的方法可以理解心理过程。
另外一种对“认知”的定义是指心理过程或知识的能力，包括意识、知觉、推理和判断等。
II. Definition of Psycholinguistics (心理语言学的定义)Psycholinguistics is the study of psychological aspects of language; it mainly studies the psychological states and mental activity associated with the use of language. An important focus of psycholinguistics is the largely unconscious use of grammatical rules that enable people to produce and comprehend intelligible sentences. Psycholinguists investigate the relationship between language and thought, Psycholinguistics is also concerned with how languages are learned, and the roles they play in our thinking.心理语言学是对语言心理方面的研究，通常研究的是与语言行为相关的心理状态和思维活动。
心理语言学的一个重点是研究能够使人理解和产出可理解句子的语法规则的无意识运用。
心理语言学家研究语言与思维的关系，心理语言学同时也还关注语言是如何习得的以及语言在思维运用中所发挥的作用。
III. Language acquisition (语言习得)Language acquisition refers to the learning and development of a person’s language. The learning of a native or first language refers to first language acquisition (FLA), and the learning of a second or foreign language is called second language acquisition (SLA). Language acquisition is not only studied by linguists but also psychologists and applied linguists to enable them to understand the process, and to give a better understanding of the nature of language. There are basically two approaches to the question of first language acquisition: behaviorist approach and innateness approach.语言习得指的是一个人语言的学习和发展。
第一语言习得即一个人母语的学习和发展。
语言学家、心理语言学家和应用语言学家通过研究语言习得来理解其形成和发展的全过程，更好的理解语言的本质。
对于第一语言习得的问题存在两种说法：行为主义方法和天赋论。
1.The Behaviorist Approach (行为主义方法)Language is a learned behavior, learned by a process of habit-formation. This view of language learning is called behaviorism or behaviorist view. According to which, the language acquisition of children is a process of “stimulus-response-imitation-reinforcement”. The internal linguistic knowledge of the individual is the direct outcome of combing the linguistic event that the individual has observed.语言是一个学习的行为，是一个通过学习形成习惯的过程。
对语言学习的这种观点称作行为主义或行为主义观点。
根据这种观点，孩子的语言习得是一个“刺激——反映——模仿——强化”的过程。
个人的内部语言知识是其对所观察的语言事件进行结合的直接结果。
2.The Innateness Hypothesis (天赋理论)The innateness hypothesis says that the ability to acquire a human language is part of the biologically innate equipment of the human being, and that an infant is born with this ability.天赋论是说获取人类语言的能力是人类自身内在的机能之一，刚出生的婴儿就具备这种能力。
IV. Language comprehension (语言的理解)1.Sound Comprehension (发音理解)Sound comprehension is not a passive process. It often counts on the context from which listeners expect to hear. People understand the meaning as a whole, not in isolation. They do not listen to each word individually. The successful comprehension of speech sounds is a combination of the innate ability of humans to distinguish minor differences between speech sounds, and the ability to adjust to the acoustic categories of the language they are exposed to.发音的理解不是一个被动的过程。