语法专题十五、定语从句考点精讲1.概念理解定语从句:在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句,又称形容词性从句。
先行词:被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。
定语从句在先行词后面,但二者并不一定紧挨着。
关系词(引导词):连接先行词和从句的词叫引导词,也可叫关系词或连接词。
连接词有that,who,which 等。
I like the movie that/which is funny.先行词引导词I like the singer who is beautiful.先行词引导词【特别注意】先行词和引导词是等量关系①引导词(关系词)在定语从句中充当成分,代替先行词,意思就是先行词的意义。
所以,在定语从句中不能重复其意。
✧正There are many places that we can visit in China.✧误There are many places that we can visit them in China.②先行词在从句中做主语时,定语从句中的谓语动词单复数形式由先行词决定。
This is the place that is famous for pandas.John reads books which are fun.2.如何把两个简单句合并成一个含定语从句的复合句✧He is the thief. 他是那个小偷。
✧The thief stole my wallet. 那个小偷偷了我的钱包。
(两个简单句)✧He is the thief who/ that stole my wallet.他是那个偷了我钱包的小偷。
(一个复合句)通过观察,我们可以总结出以下合并规律:(1)把两个简单句合在一起。
He is the thief The thief stole my wallet.(2)合并同类项,去掉一个多余的。
He is the thief stole my wallet.(3)根据先行词来选择引导词来代替这个多余项。
He is the thief who/that stole my wallet.3.引导词的选择(1)关系代词:who(人-主格), whom(人-宾客), whose(人-所有格), which(物), that(人/物)。
(2)关系副词:where(地点), when(时间), why(原因)。
初中阶段要求掌握关系代词。
一般who 用于指代人的先行词,which 用来指代物的先行词,that既可指人又可指物。
关系代词在从句中作主语、宾语;关系副词在从句中作状语。
4. 引导词只能用that的情况:(1)先行词本身是all , everything , something, nothing , anything等不定代词时;(2)先行词已有序数词或形容词的最高级或the last, the first, the same, the only,等作定语时;(3)先行词既有人又有物时。
1. He is the first person ______ comes to school every day.A. thatB. whoC. whomD. which【答案】A【解析】定语从句的先行词有序数词first修饰,故只能用that引导。
故选A。
2. This is the most beautiful picture _____I have ever seen.A. whichB. thatC. whomD. whose【答案】B【解析】定语从句中有形容词最高级修饰,故只能用that引导。
故选B。
3. He is the only person _______passed the exam in his class.A. whoB. whichC. whomD. that【答案】D【解析】先行词前有the only修饰,应用关系代词that引导定语从句。
故选D。
4. They talked about the people and things _____ they can remember.A. thatB. whereC. whoD. which【答案】A【解析】先行词是the people and things,既有人又有物,所以用关系代词that。
故选A。
5. There is nothing in the world ________ can make him give up his dream.A. whatB. thatC. whichD. who【答案】B【解析】句意:世界上没有什么能让他放弃梦想。
先行词是不定代词nothing,故其定语从句引导词用that,在定语从句中是主语。
故选B。
5.引导词只能用which的情况(1)关系代词前有介词。
This is the house in which we lived last year.(2)先行词本身是that。
The clock is that which I bought yesterday.(3)非限制性定语从句。
His English, which used to be very poor, is now excellent.The hotel in we stayed last week is right on Bondi Beach.A. thatB. whichC. whoD. whom【答案】B【解析】句意:上周我们住的旅馆正好位于邦迪海滩上。
本句是定语从句,先行词hotel是物,从句缺少宾语,所以用关系代词which或that引,又因为这个关系代词前面有介词in,只能用which。
故选B。
6.定语从句中引导词的省略不管定语从句修饰的先行词是人还是物,如果引导词在从句中作宾语,引导词可以省略。
不过在正式文体中,引导词不省略。
但是引导词在从句中作主语时就不能省略。
—What are you doing?—I'm reading the novel ______ you lent me yesterday.A. whatB. whoC. whenD. /【答案】D【解析】句意:——你正在干什么?——我正在看你昨天借我的那本小说。
分析句子结构,______ you lent me yesterday是定语从句,先行词是the novel,指物,在从句中作宾语,可用关系代词that或which引导定语从句,这两个引导词选项中都没有。
再分析句子结构,引导词在定语从句中做谓语动词lent的宾语,所以可以省略,故选D。
7.定语从句的时态问题定语从句的时态一般不受主句的影响,根据从句所在具体的语境和意义而定。
例如:✧The headmaster who made a speech yesterday is from Peking University.昨天做演讲的校长来自北京大学。
(主句一般现在时,从句一般过去时)✧The headmaster who is making a speech now is from Peking University.现在正在演讲的校长来自北京大学。
(主句一般现在时,从句现在进行时)✧The headmaster who will make a speech tomorrow is from Peking University.明天要来演讲的校长来自北京大学。
(主句一般现在时,从句一般将来时)8.定语从句的主谓一致问题一般来说,关系代词在从句中作主语时,定语从句中的谓语动词的人称和数要与先行词保持一致。
所以一定要找准先行词,先行词的单复数决定从句谓语动词的形式。
注意:先行词和引导词并不总是紧挨着,关系代词前面的词不一定是先行词。
Dad cares much about the poor in the villages ______ in need of food and education.A. which isB. who isC. which areD. who are【答案】D【解析】句意:爸爸非常关心那些农村里需要食物和教育的穷人们。
分析句子结构,______ in need of food and education是定语从句,先行词是the poor,指人,在从句中作主语,应用关系代词that或who引导定语从句,排除AC;who指代the poor,the+形容词表示某一类人,作主语时谓语be动词应用are。
故选D。
【特殊情况】①先行词是one of+可数名词复数时,关系代词在从句中作主语时,定语从句的谓语动词用复数形式。
(此时真正的先行词是of后面的可数名词复数)✧She is one of the girls who love dancing. 她是热爱舞蹈的女孩其中之一。
②先行词是the only one of +可数名词复数时,关系代词在从句中作主语时,定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。
(此时真正的先行词是the only one,是单数)✧He is the only one of the boys that likes playing the drums.他是男孩子里唯一一个喜欢敲鼓的。
③one of which 在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。
(主语是one) There are many kinds of energy, one of which is oil.有许多种能源,其中之一是石油。
(2020·北京市·单元测试)He is one of the boys who ________to Beijing before.A. has beenB. has goneC. have beenD. have gone【答案】C【解析】句意:他是以前去过北京的男孩之一。
have gone表示去某地;have been表示去过某地;根据before可知是去过,who引导的是定语从句,由先行词boys是复数,所以定语从句谓语部分用have been。
故选C。
中考语法—定语从句专项练习(共计50小题,每小题2分,总分100分)1. (2014·湖南省长沙市·历年真题)The shop_____sells flowers is at the end of the street.A. whoB. whereC. whichD.what【答案】C【解析】分析句子结构可知,句子含有定语从句。
先行词shop指物,从句缺少主语,所以用关系代词that/which引导定语从句。
故选C。
2. (2021·贵州省贵阳市·历年真题)Abing's Erquan Yingyue is a piece of music ______ hasbecome one of China's national treasures.A. whoB. whichC. whoseD. how【答案】B【解析】句意:阿炳的《二泉映月》已成为中国的国宝之一的一首曲子。