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2020年高考英语一轮复习 句子成分

2020;2020年高考英语一轮语法复习:句子成分一. 主语主语(subject) 是一个句子的主题( theme),是句子所述说的主体。

它的位置一般在一句之首。

可用作主语的有单词、短语和从句。

1.名词作主语。

如:A tree has fallen across the road.2.代词用作主语。

如:You’re not far wrong.注意: * 反身代词不能充当句子主语。

如You can express yourself at the meeting. * 指人的不定代词(someone, somebody ,no one, nobody, anyone, anybody ,everyone, everybody)与指物的不定代词(something, anything, everything ,nothing)做主语,谓语动词用单数。

例如:everyone is here。

但是都不能跟of短语,不能说someone of , no one of, something of,但是可以说every one of,none of。

做主语反意疑问句用复数,everyone is here,aren’t they?但是 someone lost his pen,didn’t he?3.数词用作主语。

如:Three is enough.4.名词化的形容词用作主语。

The idle are forced to work.当the+adj表示抽象名词时谓语动词采用单数形式。

The new replaces the old。

(新陈代谢)5.不定式用作主语。

如:To find your way can be a problem.注意:动词不定式做主语, 通常有两种情形: 一种是不定式直接放在句首(这种形式较少),另一种是用it做形式主语,把不定式置于句末,达到平衡句子的目的.To see is to believe. Seeing is believing。

(眼见为实)It’s nice of you to help me with my English.6.动名词用作主语。

如:Smoking is bad for you.注意:不定式与动名词做主语一般来说差别不大,有时两者可以互换。

但按照传统语法来说,动名词表示说话人的习惯、爱好或事抽象动作;而动词不定式表示具体的、一次性动作。

例如:Smoking is prohibited here .It's not very good for you to smoke so much.7.从句用作主语。

如: Whenever you are ready will be fine.二.谓语谓语(predicate) 或谓语动词(predicate verb) 的位置一般在主语之后。

谓语由简单动词或动词短语(助动词或情态动词+主要动词)构成。

1.由简单的动词构成。

(1). What happened?(2). He worked hard all day today.2.由动词短语构成的谓语。

(1). The plane took off at ten o’clock.(2). What’s been keeping you all this time? 这半天你在干什么来着?(3). You can do it if you try hard. 你努力就可以做到。

3.英语常用某些动作名词代替表动态的谓语动词,表生动。

这种动作名词之前常用没有多大意义的动词have, get, take, give 等。

如:(1). I had a swim yesterday.(had a swim 代替了swam)(2). Take a look at that!!(take a look 代替了 look)(3). He gave a sigh.(gave a sigh 代替了sighed)(4). I got a good shake-up.(a good shake-up 代替了was shaken up thoroughly(充分,彻底的))三.表语表语的功能是表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。

它也可以说是一种主语补语。

它位于联系动词之后,与之构成所谓的系表结构。

在系表结构钟,联系动词只是形式上的谓语,二真正起谓语作用的则是表语。

可以作表语的词有:名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句等。

1.The wedding was that Sunday.(名词)2.So that’s that.(代词)3.We are seven.(数词)4.Are you busy?(形容词)5.Are you there?(电话用语)(副词)6.All I could do was to wait.(不定式)7. Is that asking so much?(动名词)8.I was so much surprised at it.(过去分词)9.She is in good health.(介词短语)10.Is that why you were angry?(从句)四.宾语宾语(object)在句中主要充当动作的承受者,因此一般皆置于及物动词之后。

如:Our team beat all the others.可以用作宾语的有:名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、名词化的分词、从句等。

1.Do you fancy a drink?(名词)2.They won’t hurt us.(代词)3.If you add 5 to 5, you get 10.(数词)。

4.I shall do my possible.(名词化形容词)5.He left there last week.(副词)6.Does she really mean to leave home?(不定式)7.He never did the unexpected(想不到的,意外的). (名词化的分词)8.Do you understand what I mean?(从句)注意:(一).宾语中有些动词需要两个同等的宾语,即直接宾语(direct object)与间接宾语(indirect object)。

直接宾语一般指动作的承受者,间接宾语指动作所向的或所为的人和物(多指人),具有这种双宾语的及物动词叫做与格动词(dative verb), 常用的有:answer, bring, buy, do, find, get, give, hand, keep, leave, lend, make, offer, owe, pass, pay, play, promise, read, save, sell, send, show, sing, take 等,间接宾语一般须与直接宾语连用,通常放在直接宾语之前。

如:I have found him a place. 我给他找到了一个职位。

(二).英语中有些常用搭配,直接宾语和间接宾语交换位置后介词不能省略,常见的有:appologize to sb for sth, explain to sb sth五.补语补语(complement)是一种补足主语和宾语的意义的句子成分。

补足主语意义的句子成分叫做主语补语(subject complement),补足宾语意义的句子成分叫做宾语补语(object complement).(1). 容词用作主语补语是常置于主语之前,后有逗号。

Tired and sleepy, I went to bed.有时可以置于主语之后,前后都有逗号,与非限定性定语相似。

如:The man, cruel beyond belief, didn’t listen to their pleadings.(2).可以用做宾语补语的有名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语等1.They named the child Jimmy.(名词用作并与补语)2.My mother looks so young that you would think her my sister. (名词短语作宾语补语)3. He boiled the egg hard.(形容词用作宾语补语)4.I found the book very interesting.(形容词短语用作宾补)5.The comrades wanted Dr. Bethune to take cover. (不定式用作宾语补语)6.I call this robbing Peter to pay Paul.(动名作宾补)7.Don’t take his kindness for granted.(介词短语)六.定语定语是用来说明名词(代词)的品质与特征的词或一组词。

可用作定语的有:形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语和从句.1.形容词用作定语是大量的。

(1). She is a natural musician.(2). He must be the best violinist alive.(后置定语)2. 名词用作定语。

如(1). A baby girl 女婴(2). well water 井水(3). Sports car 双座轻型汽车(4). A fool’s paradise 梦幻的天堂2.代词作定语。

(1). Your hair needs cutting.(物主代词用作定语)(2). Everybody’s business is nobody’s business. 人人负责就是无人负责。

(不定代词所有格作定语)3.数词作定语(1). There’s only one way to do it.(2). Do it now, you may not get a second chance.基数词用作后置定语: page 24 Room 201 the year 19494. 副词充当定语时常后置,如:the room above 楼上的房间 the world today 今日世界 the way out 出路 a day off 休息日5.不定式用作定语(1). Her promise to write was forgotten.(2). That’s the way to do it.6.动名词用作定语.A walking stick 拐杖 sleeping pills 安眠药eating implements 吃饭用具 learning method 学习方法7.分词充当定语a sleeping child 正在睡中的小孩 a drinking man 嗜酒者a retired worker 一个退休工人 a faded flower 一朵谢了的花8.介词短语用作定语。

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