破解托福阅读理解长难句托福阅读理解难，难在长难句。
如何破解长难句，是做好托福阅读理解的关键一环。
破解长难句通常采用方法是找准主谓宾, 去除定状补，抓住长难句特点进行庖丁解牛是破解托福阅读理解长难句的又一制胜法宝。
托福阅读理解长难句有以下六大类型：1、主语、宾语拉长一般来讲，汉语主语比较简短。
相比之下，英语中主语一旦拉长，就会增加读者的理解难度。
解决方法：有效分解主谓成分，断开之后各个击破。
例如：（1）The deserts, which already occupy approximately a fourth of the Earth’s land surface, have in recent decades been increasing at an alarming pace. (OG Practice 2)（2）The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans.2、分词短语打头，句子呈现三段（或三段以上）的长句式分词短语（包括现在分词和过去分词）做状语，这一句式比较常见，读者阅读时由于要区分短语和主语之间的逻辑关系，所以理解上有难度。
并且分词短语本身往往由于掺入了插入语成分，理解上就更为困难。
解决方法：理清主动和被动关系。
一般来说现在分词与主语之间是主动关系；而过去分词与主语之间是被动关系。
例如：Working of a century-old schoolhouse in the village of Marland, Pennsylvania, the Conservancy’s Bud Smith is working with local people and business leaders to balance economic growth environmental protection.☆注意：介词短语位于句首类似分词短语形式。
例如：In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them—even while building materials have changed dramatically. (TPO 14)3、多个谓语动词连用简单句之所以简单是因为成分单一便于读者理解。
而托福阅读理解中，出题人为增加阅读难度，就会把几个谓语动词放在一个句子当中。
但是无论局势如何变化，英语句子本身就犹如一棵大树，只能有一个主干起支撑作用，其他起辅助作用。
解决方法：遇到多个谓语动词连用情况要分清主句谓语动词和从句的谓语动词。
剔除细枝末节之后，句子也就好理解了。
例如：The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a sediment-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land, dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope. (TPO Ground Water)4、插入语: 插入语主要起补充或说明的作用，我们在进行快速阅读的时候通常会把它省略，即忽略不看。
但是，如果根据文章问题回原文定位句子时，如果定位的关键句子包含了以上插入语中的任何一种形式，则答案往往就在此处。
It is possible that tubes made from animal bones were used for spraying because hollow bones, some stained with pigment, have been found nearby. (TPO)☆注意：插入语有时可以换成短语，如介词短语、不定式短语等等；还可以换成有两个破折号引起的插入语成分。
例如：This unprecedented development of a finite groundwater resource with an almost negligible natural recharge rate—that is, virtually no natural water source to replenish the water supply—has caused water tables in the region to fall drastically. (TPO 3)5、并列成分连用使得句子变长（主谓宾都可以并列）并列成分是托福阅读理解中的主要句式。
出题人会把几个成分相同的并列句子，通过剔除多余成分从而使其合并为一个很长的句子。
解决方法：破解这样句子的关键是要弄清楚两个句子的逻辑关系，补全成分后重新还原为几个单独的句子即可。
例如：One, set forth by Aristotle in the fourth century B.C., sees humans as naturally imitative—as taking pleasure in imitating persons, things, and actions and in seeing such imitations. (TPO: the origin of theater)What audiences came to see was the technological marvel of the movies; the lifelike reproduction of the commonplace motion of trains, of waves striking the shore, and of people walking in the street; and the magic made possible by trick photography and the manipulation of the camera. (OG)6、多重复合句叠加所谓多重复合句叠加，就是说一个长句子当中可能包含了好几种句式（并列的定语从句、状语从句、介词短语等等）。
解决方法：分清主从句，理清句子逻辑关系至关重要。
通常采用图表法。
(1) Other, however, have adopted the philosophy that it is best to use the water while it is still economically profitable to do so and to concentrate on high-value crops such as cotton. (TPO)(2) But as more and more accumulations of strata were cataloged in more and more places, it became clear that the sequences of rocks sometimes differed from region to region and that no rock type was ever going to become a reliable time marker throughout the world. (TPO)(3) Her dancing also attracted the attention of French poets and painters of the period, for it appealed to their liking for mystery, their belief in art for art’s sake, a nineteenth-century idea that art is valuable in itself rather than because it may have some moral or educational benefit, and their efforts to synthesize form and content. (TPO)More sentences for TOEFL reading:1.Enormous changes in materials and techniques of construction within the last few generationshave made it possible to enclose space with much greater ease and speed and with a minimum of material.2.The basic cultural requirements for the successful colonization of the Pacific islands includethe appropriate boat-building, sailing, and navigation skills to get to the islands in the first place, domesticated plants and gardening skills suited to often marginal conditions, and a varied inventory of fishing implements and techniques.3.Judging from the width and depth of the channels, the flow rates must have been trulyenormous―perhap s as much as a hundred times greater than the 105 tons per second carried by the great Amazon river.4.Once detached from the ice shelf, these bergs drift in the currents and wind systemssurrounding Antarctica and can be found scattered among Antarctica’s less colorful icebergs.5.But the myths that have grown up around the rites may continue as part of the group’s oraltradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced from these rites.6.Their calculations show that the impact kicked up a dust cloud that cut off sunlight forseveral months, inhibiting photosynthesis in plants; decreased surface temperatures on continents to below freezing; caused extreme episodes of acid rain; and significantly raised long-term global temperatures through the greenhouse effect.7.Thus, all three explanations-- physiological maturation, hearing and producing stories aboutpast events，and improved encoding of key aspects of events--seem likely to be involved in overcoming infantile amnesia．8.Hulmut Buechner (1953), in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washington throughrecorded time, says that "since the early 1940s, the state has had more deer than at any other time in its history, the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer (mule and black-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period."9.By contrast, in the United States an estimated 97 million birds are killed each year when theycollide with buildings made of plate glass; 57 million are killed on highways each year; at least 3.8 million die annually from pollution and poisoning; and millions of birds are electrocuted each year by transmission and distribution lines carrying power produced by nuclear and coal power plants.。