句子成分及结构一句子成分现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。
英语的基本成分有七种：除主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial) 和补语（complement）之外还有表语（predicative）（同位语）。
1.主语主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首,通常由名词性的词来充当。
练习1. 在下面句子的主语下面划横线1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and morepopular.2.We often speak English in class.3.One-third of the students in this class are girls.4.T o swim in the river is a great pleasure.5.Smoking does harm to the health.6.The rich should help the poor.7.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.8.It is necessary to master a foreign language.9.That he isn’t at home is not true练习2. 改错1)Do exercise everyday is good for your health.2)All what he said isn’t true.3)He came late made his teacher angry.4)On the desk is two books.2.谓语：谓语由动词充当，说明主语所作的动作或具有的特征和状态。
谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：He practices running every morning.He reads newspapers every day.2You may keep the book for two weeks.He has caught a bad cold.My sister is crying over there.I have been waiting for you all the time.I would stay at home all day.考点1.在一般现在时中要注意动词第三人称单数当主语是复数时（不止一个人），后面用动词原形。
当主语是一个人，并且不是I 和you，谓语要用第三人称单数，也就是在后面加-s,-es1.We/You(你们)/They ____(go) to school every day.2.T om and Mike ____(go) to school every day.3.His children ____(go) to school every day.4.T om ____(go) to school every day.5.My brother ____(go) to school every day.6.Your sister ____(go) to school every day.7.Their son ____(go) to school every day.8.He / She ____(go) to school every day.考点2.谓语中要有动词，因此形容词前面要加上系动词才能作谓语。
如：Our school very beautiful and we like it very much.×改___________________________________________-考点3.在复合谓语中，情态动词和助动词,如：will, shall, would, should, can, may must, could, might,还有had to, had better, used to, would rather等，都没有人称和数的变化，后面用动词原形。
修改下面句子:She might stayed at home. ______________________________He must comes. ___________________________________It raining heavily. __________________________________They planting trees on the farm. ___________________________________ 3.表语：表语多是形容词，用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。
划出下列句中的表语, 并说明有什么充当。
1)Our English teacher is an American.2)Is it yours?3)The weather has turned cold.4)The speech is exciting.5)Three times seven is twenty one?6)His job is to teach English.7)His hobby（爱好）is playing football.8)The machine must be under repairs.9)The truth is that he has never been abroad.4.宾语：宾语由名词性的词充当,一般位于及物动词和介词后面。
宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语,分别构成动宾结构和介宾结构,划出下列句中的宾语, 并说明由什么充当。
1)They planed many trees yesterday.2)The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.3)(How many dictionaries do you have?) I have five.4)They helped the old with their housework yesterday.5)I wanted to buy a car.6)I enjoy listening to popular music.7)I think（that）he is fit for his office.5.宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。
宾语补足语和宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
用线划出下列句中的宾语补足语，并指出是什么词充当，同时体会宾补和宾语之间的逻辑关系。
1)His father named him Dongming.2)They painted their boat white.3)Let the fresh air in.4)You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.5)We saw her entering the room.6)We found everything in the lab in good order.7)We will soon make our city what your city is now.8)I want your homework done on time.6.定语：定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用‘……的’表示。
定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。
考点1.I have something important to tell you.There is nothing interesting in the book.考点2.副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。
People there are very friendly. (那儿的人们)He went up to a policeman downstairs. （楼下的警察）考点3.The next man is a scientist.The man next to me is a scientist.（我旁边的那个人）The shop closest to my house is about one kilometer away.（距我家最近的那个商店）考点4.介词短语作定语时要后置The boy under the tree is T om.（树下的那个男孩）The tallest boy in our class is John.（我们班最高的那个男孩）考点5.名词作定语一般用单数，但当woman, man作定语且后面名词为复数时，woman man 也要用复数boy students, apple trees, men doctors, women nurses考点6.动词不定式、现在分词短语、过去分词短语作定语要后置I have something to say. (直译：我有要说的话)The boy crying over there is my classmate.（在那边哭的那个男孩）The house built last year is impressive.（去年建的那座房子）考点7.Else, 别的，其它的Who else do you know?Somebody else might have taken it away.考点8.enough修饰名词可前置或后置, enough修饰形容词、副词时,必须后置。
Nearby可作形容词、副词，因此修饰名词时也可前置或后置1) I haven’t got enough money. I can’t afford it.（形容词作定语）2) We have time enough to do the work. （形容词短语作定语）3) You can’t be careful enough. (副词作状语)3) If you are in trouble, ask a policeman nearby for help. （副词作定语）= If you are in trouble, ask a nearby policeman for help. （形容词作定语）用划出下列句中的定语，并指出是什么词性或结构充当的1.T om is a handsome boy.2.His boy needs T om's pen.3.The boy in blue is T om.4.The boy needs a ball pen.5.The boy there needs a pen.6.The boy to write this letter needs a pen.7.There is nothing to do today.8.The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.9.There are five boys left.10.The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday.11.The boy you will know is T om.12.The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.13.He is reading an article about how to learn English.14.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.15.His rapid progress in English made us surprised.16.There are thirty women teachers in our school.7.状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子, 说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫作状语。