• 3. What are the basic five patterns of 3 English sentences? What are they characterized by? • Keys: Five patterns SV, SVP, SVO, SVoO, and SVOC. English sentences are characterized by their variants（变式）, expansion（扩展）, combination（组合）, omission（省 略）, or inversion (倒装).
• 2. All she had to do was sweeping, dusting and cleaning and could get 2 pounds for one hour. • 她要做的是扫地、除尘、收拾房间， 报酬是一小时两个英镑。
• 3. Everything was a on a larger scale for him, the highs were higher, the lows lower. • 他总是喜欢夸大事实，高的说得更 高，低的说得更低。
• Feedback is information characterizing the actual situation, which the processor, the brain of example, compares with the intended state of affairs. • 反馈是一种表示实际情况的信息.处理结构, 譬如人脑,把这种信息与原来预想的情况作 比较.
• 4. Thus he grew in body and soul. • 这样，他在身心两方面都成长起来 了。
In addition, there are quite a few “illogical” expressions in Chinese. E.g. 晒太阳 to bask in the sun 晒衣服 to sun one’s clothes
救火 to fight a fire 救国 to save the nation 补充缺额 to fill a vacancy 补充人力 to replenish manpower 恢复疲劳 to get refreshed 恢复健康 to recover one’s health 打扫卫生 to do some cleaning 打扫房间 to clean a room 吃大碗 to eat with a big bowl 吃苹果 to eat an apple
More ambiguity can be found in Chinese due to the lack of connectives, inflections and other grammatical markers. E.g 准备了两年的食物 （准备了两年的+食物 / 准备了+ 两年的食物） 神秘的少女的心 （神秘的+ 少女的心 / 神秘的少女的 + 心）
Reference translation
• 1. As we discuss our differences, neither of us will compromise our principles. But while we cannot close the gulf between us, we can try to bridge it so that we may be able to talk across it. • 在我们讨论我们的分歧的时候，我们哪一方 都不会在我们的原则上妥协。但是，虽然我 们不能弥合我们之间的鸿沟，我们却能够设 法搭一座桥，以便越过它进行会谈。
王力 (1984:53) 指出: “就句子的结 构而论,西洋语言是法治的, 中国语 言是人治的。 Think: Culture clash: can you find any examples on this point in the society?
所谓‘法治’，即句子的形式严格 受到语法的制约， 如句子必须有主 语和谓语动词，及物动词必须有宾 语，这些不管用得着用不着，总要 呆板地求句子形式的一律。 所谓‘人治’， 即句子比较不受形 式的约束，可以因表意的需要而加 以变通，词语的分合伸缩比较灵活， 用得着就用，用不着就不用，只要 双方意思明白，就可以了。
Chinese to English 1.在国际交往中,我国一贯坚持平等互利的 原则. In international exchanges, we have always maintained the principles of equality and mutual benefits.
• 2.少先队员省吃俭用.把储蓄的钱捐献给希 望工程. • The pioneers live in a simple way to donate the saving to the Hope Project.(save food and expenses) • ３．我省第二季度的进出口贸易总额有了 较大幅度的增长． • There has been a big increase in the total volume of imports and exports in this province.
汉语句式多样化 The suppleness of Chinese also manifests itself in the “run-on” sentence （流水句）, which is composed of “the full sentence” and “the minor sentence” （小句）. A full sentence has a subject-predicate structure, while a minor sentence has only a word(s) or phrase(s) . As 吕叔湘（1979：27）points out,”用 小句而不用句子做基本单位，较能适应 汉语的情况。”
Practice
• English to Chinese • The blind person using the reading machine controls the speed at which it talks with the keyboard. • 使用这种阅读机的盲人可以用键盘来控 制它讲话的速度.
• 2. Why is Chinese sentence structure diffusive? • Key:
Chinese, however, is relatively free from the government of the rigid S-V concord. The subject-predicate structure is usually varied, flexible, and therefore complicated and supple.
Translate into English, focusing on subjects. • 文章翻译完了。（受事主语） • The essay has been translated. • 累得我站不起来了。（无主句） • I am so exhausted that I can’t stand up.
Compact vs. Diffusive 聚集与流散
Questions
• 1Why is English sentence structure compact? • Key: • (P29) English sentence structures are composed of noun phrases, verb phrases, etc. It has become an invariable custom to have a subject before a verb, and therefore a sentence that does not contain a subject and a verb is felt to be incomplete.
• Ambiguity in English
Байду номын сангаас• • • • •
All of the arrows didn’t hit the target. 不是所有的箭都射中靶子。（部分否定） 所有的箭都没有射中靶子。（全部否定） He loves the dog more than his wife. 他爱这只狗胜过爱他的妻子。 (…than he loves his wife) • 他比妻子更爱这只狗。 (…than his wife loves the dog)
The rigidity of English generally requires a complete sentence structure, SV concord,and formal cohesion (形式衔接), while the suppleness of Chinese enjoys flexibility of sentence structure and pays more attentionto semantic coherence (语义连贯).
Translate into Chinese, focusing on predicate. The sky is high and the clouds are pale. 天高云淡。（形容词作谓语） He has gone abroad for further studies. 他出国留学去了。（连动式谓语）
英语有综合语的特征，受形式的约 束，因而语法是硬的，没有弹性； 汉语是分析语，不受形态的约束， 因而语法是软的，富于弹性。 ”
Translation task
• Translate into Chinese • 1. As we discuss our differences, neither of us will compromise our principles. But while we cannot close the gulf between us, we can try to bridge it so that we may be able to talk across it. • 2. All she had to do was sweeping, dusting and cleaning and could get 2 pounds for one hour. • 3. Everything was a on a larger scale for him, the highs were higher, the lows lower. 4. Thus he grew in body and soul.