第7单元篇章翻译7.1 复习笔记语篇通常指一系列连续的语段或句子构成的语言整体。
语篇包括“话语”(discourse)和“篇章”(text)。
语篇特征为:连贯、衔接,且具有明确的论题结构。
一、衔接根据Halliday和Hasan的著作《英语中的衔接》,衔接手段大致可分为两种:语法衔接手段(grammatical cohesion)和词汇衔接手段(lexical cohesion)。
前者又可以包括指称(reference)、省略(ellipsis)、替代(substitution)和连词(conjunction)。
1. 指代指代主要分为三类:人称指代、指示指代和比较指代。
英语中,为了实现衔接,一般尽量采用代词指代前面出现的名词。
汉语倾向于重复前文出现的名词,或者采用“零式指称”,省略主语。
例:My friend looked somewhat ill at ease when he told me this: At the time when he bought this big house, his children had all been at school. Now they had their own homes and jobs.【译文】朋友有点不好意思地说,买这座房子时,孩子们还在上学,如今都成家立业了。
2. 省略省略可以分为名词省略、动词省略和小句省略。
例:I had many wonderful ideas, but I only put a few into practice.【译文】我有很多美妙的想法,但是只把少数付诸实践了。
3. 替代“替代”指用较简短的语言形式替代上文中的某些词语,使行文简练流畅。
(1)名词替代比较常见的是使用one代替前文出现的某个名词。
例:Carrie picked out the new abode because of its newness and bright wood—work. It was one of the very new ones supplied with steam heat, which was a great advantage.(Sister Carrie, Dreiser, T)【译文】嘉莉选中这套新居所,是因为它是新建的,而且房间的木质部分色泽鲜亮,屋里有暖气,这是当时最新的房子才有的。
【分析】原文中,ones替代了abode;译文中,“房子”与其前面的“居所”构成同义词。
(2)动词替代经常是用助动词do的几种形式来代替前文出现的某个动词或动作意义。
例:And yet this John Openshaw seems to me to be walking amid even greater perils than did the Sholtos.【译文】可是在我看来,这个约翰·奥彭肖似乎是正在面临着比舒尔托更大的危险。
【分析】原文中,did替代了walked amid peril;译文中,该处同样进行了省略处理。
(3)小句替代使用指示代词指代前文出现的某一小句或者某一概念。
例:“Well, I’ve got twenty-two dollars, but there’s everything to be paid for thisweek yet, and if I use all I get Saturday to pay this, there won’t be any left for next week Do you think your hotel man will open his hotel this month?”“I think so,” returned Hurstwood. “He said he would.”(Sister Carrie, Dreiser, T)【译文】“嗯,我有二十二块,但还要应付这个星期的一切开销,如果把星期六发的薪水全部用来付房租,下下星期的花销就没着落了你觉得你那个开饭店的人这个月会开业么?”“我想是这样的。
”赫斯特伍德说,“他说过的。
”【分析】原文中,so替代了my hotel man will open his hotel this month;译文中,该处保留了原文的替代形式。
4. 连词韩礼德和哈桑(Halliday and Hasan,1976)将连接分为四类:增补(additive)、转折(adversative)、因果(causal)和时间(temporal)。
(1)增补。
由并列连词and充当。
例:On the other hand, Miss Sun received a contract, and was even raised a step on the salary scale.(Fortress Besieged, Ch’ien Chung shu)【译文】孙小姐倒有聘约的,薪水还生了一级。
(2)转折。
英语中表示转折关系的连词常用的有but,though,however,while,although等;汉语中经常使用的表示转折关系的连词主要有“但是”“虽然……但是”“可是”“不过”“然而”等。
例:He refused, but after she had pressed him over and over again, he reluctantly told her a little about them.(Fortress Besieged, Ch’ien Chung shu)【译文】他不肯讲,经不起她一再而三的逼,讲了一点。
(3)因果。
英语中表示因果关系的连词主要有because,so,since,as等;汉语中也有对应的结构“因为……所以”。
例:He has not yet decided on the exact wording of the letter, since he did not know what sort of contract the president’s office would be sending him.(Fortress Besieged, Ch’ien Chung shu)【译文】这封信的措词,他还没有详细决定,因为他不知道校长室送给他怎样的聘约。
(4)时间。
英语中经常使用的时间关系的连词主要有when,before,as soon as,not…until等;汉语表达比较灵活。
例:【译文】He wouldn’t listen to her, and later when she learned that his contract had not been inadvertently left out, she didn’t press him.(Fortress Besieged, Ch’ien Chung shu)【译文】鸿渐不听她的话,她后来知道聘书并非无心遗漏,也就不勉强他。
5. 词汇衔接韩礼德与哈桑(1976)把英语的词汇衔接分为:复现关系(reiteration)和同现关系(collocation)两类。
李运兴(2001)把词汇衔接分为:同义衔接(synonym}和组合衔接(collocation)两类。
而同义衔接又分为:同义词(synonym)、近义词(near-synonym)、上义词(super-ordinate)、下义词(hyponym)和概括词(general word)等构成的词汇链。
例:A clearing sky, a display of red, white, and blue, no more rain—with suchfavorable portents, why did his feeling of foreboding persist?(John Jakes:Heaven and Hell)【译文】雨过天晴,蓝天上挂着白云红霞,不再下雨了,这些都是好兆头,但是他为什么一直笼罩着不详的预感呢?【分析】语法上,a display of red, white and blue是a clearing sky的同位语。
这三个关于颜色的词语所处的词汇链是在天气这一话题的控制下,所以其词义定位应是在描述天气的范围里,故三者分别对应红霞,白云,蓝天。
Now the government is about improving the people’s lives, to provide the basic necessities for our people, we need to create the social safety net that covers the entire population and protect people’s basic need.【译文】如果说政府也是民生政府的话,就要重点保障基本民生。
来编织一张覆盖全民的保障基本民生的安全网。
【分析】people’s lives,basic necessities和people’s basic need均表示“民生”。
英文用了不同的表达方式,而汉语则将“民生”一词重复三次以表示强调。
二、连贯语篇连贯的基础是信息发出者和信息接受者的认知和知识结构的沟通。
有时英语的连贯不仅依靠语言、语法手段,还要靠读者的语外知识。
例:She found herself minus the leg one week after consulting a doctor about a persistent swelling attributed to hard work and play in New York City—it was an inoperable bone tumor. While it saved her life, an ensuring year of chemotherapy reduced the once stunning model to a bald shadow of her former self.【译文】她腿上出现了一个持续不消的肿块,原以为是在纽约又工作又游玩累的,看医生之后才知道是骨癌,而且不能手术。
一个星期后她便截了那条腿。
截肢虽然挽救了她的生命,但接踵而来的长达一年的化疗使得一度艳丽销魂的时装模特儿秀发脱落,枯瘦如柴,失去昔日风采。
三、布局1. 具有描写功能和叙述功能信息的布局是:英语中常混合在一个句子中;汉语常分开处理,各自聚集在不同的句子中。
例:The wedding was very much like other weddings, where the parties had no taste for finery or parade; and Mrs. Elton, from the particular detailed by her husband, thought it all extremely shabby and very inferior to her own.(Jane Austen: Emma)【译文1】这个婚礼也像别的婚礼一样,双方都不喜欢装饰和炫耀。