Conflict Theory
Symbolic Interaction
Individual and society are interdependent.
Sociological Theory: View of Inequality
Functionalism Conflict Theory
Inevitable; functional for society
Max Weber(1864-1920)
Sociological Theory: Individual and Society
Functionalism Individuals occupy fixed social roles. Individuals subordinated to society.



“双元革命”与社会学 法国大革命：热切期盼的革命及其后果 “综观各种情况，法国革命是世界上迄今 为止发生的最令人震惊的事件，种种最惊 人的事情在许多情况下以最荒谬、最可笑 的方式以及最卑鄙的手段被制造出来。” -------Edmund Burke 《自由与传统》14页
与法国大革命直接相关的内在于 社会学中的两个传统
Sociological Theory: Source of Social Change
Functionalism
Disorganization and adjustment to achieve equilibrium.
Struggle; competition Ever-changing web of relationships and meaning of things.
启蒙高度强调人的作为”reason” 将科学运用于社会的研究,发现社会的内在规律 Positivists - society could be studied using the natural sciences. Humanitarianism - human reason can direct social change for the betterment of society.
Functionalism
Conflict Theory
Consensus on common values.
Power; coercion
Symbolic Interaction
Collective meaning systems; society created through social interaction
Symbolic Interaction There is little analysis of inequality and it overstates the subjective basis of society.
社会学想象力


探询影响人们生活的社会模式的能力 C. Wright Mills. The Sociological Imagination.
揭露(Debunking)


Studying the patterns and processes that shape behavior. Questioning actions and ideas that are usually taken for granted. Acting as “an outsider within.”
孔德之前的知识背景

启蒙运动(enlightenment) 启蒙运动试图回答的问题,基本上是后来社 会学提出的问题,譬如:为什么存在不平等现 象?贫困的原因是什么?为什么会有犯罪? 在18世纪之前,这些有关人的行为的问题不 会成为”研究”的对象,宗教都已经给出了答 案.
启蒙运动的影响

The Enlightenment project


保守主义 自由主义/激进主义

工业革命Industrial Revolution
工业革命的震动


德国的访问者J.W.科尔，在1844年访问英国后，写道： “请想像一下：黑漆漆的道路从绿葱葱的田野中蜿蜒而过， 满载黑色宝藏的货车如水长流串梭不息……平原上布满 烟雾腾腾的煤山和乌黑的矿坑，而不时还可以看到简陋 的卫理公会教堂和校舍。“ 托克维尔这样写道（曼彻斯特）： “在这里，文明创造了自己的奇迹，而文明人则几乎又 变成野蛮人” “从这条污浊的排水管中，排出人类工业的最大一股潮 流去滋润全世界；从这条肮脏的下水道中，排出纯金的 潮流。在这里，人类的发展成就既是最完备的，也是最 野蛮的。”
孔德之后社会学的实质性发展:
三位奠基人 Karl Marx Emile Durkheim Max Weber

Karl Marx(1818-1883)
Emile Durkheim(1858-1917)
Main points of D


Viewed society as an entity larger than the sum of its parts. Conceptualized social facts as social patterns external to individuals. Discovered the social basis of human behavior.
Conflict Theory
Symbolic Interaction
Sociological Theory: Criticisms
Functionalism A conservative view of society that underplays power differences among and between groups. Conflict Theory Understates the degree of cohesion and stability in society.
第一讲
从社会学发展的历史看社会学的视角
Sociological Perspective
社会学发展的历史

“社会学之父”:孔德 August Comte(1789-1857)
1938年,在The positive philosophy第四 卷中,孔德首次提出“社会学”（sociologie: socius+logos)这个名词. “对于 社会现象所固有的全部基本规律的实证研究”
个人(troubles)的烦恼与社会议题 (issues)


Troubles are private problems in an individual’s life. Issues affect large numbers of people Issues shape the context within which troubles arise.
Result of struggle over scarce resources. Inequality demonstrated through meaning of status symbols.
Symbolic Interaction
Sociological Theory: Basis of Social Order