psychology

“传教士与野人过河”问题
在河的同一边，有三个传教士和三个野人，他们 都要过河，大家都会划船；现在只有一条船，一 次只能载两人，任何时候野人多于传教士时传教 士就会被吃掉，他们将怎样度过河去？
给定：在河的同一边，有三个传教士和三个野人，他们都
要过河，大家都会划船；现在只有一条船，一次只能载两 人，任何时候野人多于传教士时传教士就会被吃掉； 目标：传教士和野人都安全过河； 障碍：传教士和野人怎样搭配渡河？
psychology

四卡问题
E K 4 7
Four cards are laid on a table with their uppermost faces showing the following letters and numbers: E, K, 4, 7. The respondent is told that each card has a number on one side and a letter on the other. The following rule may or may not be true: If a card has a vowel on one side, then it has an even number on the other side. Which cards would have to be turned over to determine whether or not the rule is true? 给定：四张卡片，每张卡片两面各有一个字母和一个数字； 目标：判断 “若卡片的一面为元音字母，则另一面为偶数”的规则是否正 确 障碍：翻看那几张卡片以证明规则的正确性。

卢钦斯量杯问题
有三个大小不同的杯子，利用这三个杯子量出一定量的水（下面用 数字进行计算，共有８个问题，每题限时30秒钟 ） 序列 Ａ １ 21 三个杯的容量 Ｂ 127 Ｃ 3 100 要求量出水的容量
２
３ ４
14
18 9
163
43 42
25
10 6
99
便可以回到出发地（北极熊是白色的）。如果人
们没有这些知识那么这个问题将很难解决；
任何问题的解决都离不开一定的知识、技能。知
识经验的积累越丰富，储存在大脑中的信息越多，
就越有助于问题的有效解决。

2. 问题解决的方法

3. 影响问题解决的因素
vowel on the other side, that would disprove the rule. But the
card showing 4 is irrelevant, because the rule does not state that a card with an even number on one side must have a vowel on the other, and therefore turning over this card could neither prove nor disprove the rule. four-card selection task
or simply the four-card problem.

The failure of most respondents to select the card showing 7, which could disprove the rule, and their tendency to select the irrelevant card showing 4, were interpreted by Wason as evidence of a confirmation bias. According to some researchers, errors in this task may also be due partly to a matching bias—a tendency to
psychology

熊的问题
一只熊从Ａ点出发，向南跑１公里，然后
转向东跑１公里，再转向北跑１公里便回
到了出发地Ａ点。请问这只熊是什么颜色？
psychology

解决这个问题需要一定的知识： 地球是圆的，在
北极的顶点上向南、再向东、再向北各跑１公里

3. 影响问题解决的主要因素
问题的熟悉性、具体性
情绪、动机
定势
策略
知觉特点
智力
知识经验

LOGO
Educational psychology
focus attention on evidence that contains the letters and
numbers mentioned explicitly in the rule that is being
tested.

The problem can be framed in realistic rather than abstract


“问题”的心理学描述：“问题是这样一种情境，个体 想做某件事，但不能马上知道对这件事所采取的一系列 行动，就构成问题。” 简言之，问题是个体未能直接达到目标所处的情境。 一个陈述出来的问题包含有3个基本的成分：

（1）给定：一组已知的关于问题条件的描述，即问题的启始 状态的表述； （2）目标：关于构成问题结论的描述，即目标状态的表述； （3）障碍：正确的解决方法不是显而易见的，这就构成了障 碍，必须通过思维活动，排除阻力，才能达到目标。

The vast majority of respondents choose only the card showing E, or the card showing E and the card showing 4. The correct answer is E and 7. If the card showing E turned out to have an odd number on the other side, or if the card showing 7 turned out to have a
问题解决
一、关于“问题”
1. 何谓“问题”？ 英文释义:question :n.问题,疑问,询问v.询问,审问,怀疑。
中文释义：①要求解答的题目：考卷上有六个问题/我提
一个问题，请大家思考；②需要研究解决的疑难和矛盾：
交通问题/不成问题/没问题/写什么是一个问题，怎么写又
是一个问题；
psychology
be true: If a card has a vowel on one side, then it has an even
number on the other side. Which cards would have to be turned over to determine whether or not the rule is true?

“９点问题”
要求用铅笔在不离开纸面情况下最多画４条直线 穿过这９个点。
psychology

如果解决者把探索空间局限于９个点所围 成的范围内，这种不充分的表征不能使问 题获得解决。实际上，对这问题的正确表 征应该是突破这９个点的边界，把直线延 伸到这些点的范围外，并且直线可以两两 相交而不必要求同时相交于一点。
psychology

Wason selection task ： A simple but tricky logical puzzle introduced in 1966 by the English psychologist Peter Wason (1924–2003) and widely used to study problem solving. Four cards are laid on a table with their uppermost faces showing the following letters and numbers: E, K, 4, 7. The respondent is told that each card has a number on one side and a letter on the other. The following rule may or may not
terms. In one influential Italian experiment, participants
were shown a sealed and an unsealed envelope face down, and an envelope with a 50-lire stamp and an
envelope with a 40-lire stamp face up, and were asked
which envelopes would have to be turned over to prove or disprove the rule: If a letter is sealed, then it has a 50-lire stamp on it. This is the identical problem; but when it is presented in this way, most people solve it easily—a classical framing effect.

psychology
二、何谓问题解决
从问题的初始状态达到问题的目标状态的
过程。Байду номын сангаас
psychology

psychology

“河内塔”问题
给定：有三根杆子A、B、C，A杆上有n个直径不同的圆盘， 1.有三根杆子A、B、C。A杆上有n个直径不同的圆盘。 每次移动一个盘，大盘不能移在小盘上面； 2.把A杆上的n个碟子全部移到C杆上。 目标：把A杆上的n个碟子全部移到C杆上； 3.每次移动一个盘，大盘不能移在小盘上面。 障碍：怎样移动才能按规则将A杆上的盘子移到C杆上。