阅读题The radio can now be tuned to the emergency frequency of the band on which the DSC alert was sent for transmission of the urgency message. The format of an urgency message is: Pan Pan. The words Pan Pan indicate that the message is an urgency message, and as such, it should have priority over all but distress traffic. In the case of a request for medical assistance, the signal is Pan Pan Medico. Note that this is for medical assistance. A request for medical advice is not a Pan Pan. Address - All messages except distress must be addressed to somebody. A general call, perhaps for a tow, would be addressed to 'all stations'. A Pan Pan Medico is more likely to be addressed to a specific Coast Station, but under some circumstances that too could be addressed to 'all stations'. Identity - You must identify yourself in all transmissions. Any station that has received your urgency call on DSC has received your MMSI number as part of the call, so your identity should include the MMSI number as well as the name and call-sign of your vessel. Position - This may have been included in the DSC call, but it should be repeated here. If somebody is to help you, they need to know where you are. As in the distress message, your position as a distance and bearing from a prominent landmark may mean more to the receiving station than a latitude and longitude. Assistance - State what assistance is needed. Over - Terminate the message with Pan Pan, name of your vessel and call-sign, and the word 'over', so the other stations know you have finished, and they can respond. Once communications have been established with a suitable station, the subsequent traffic will normally transfer off the emergency frequency onto a working channel. If the communication is on VHF and the traffic is inter-ship, then channel 6 could be used. If the communication is with the Coastguard, then they will probably transfer operations to channel 67 in the UK or 22A in the USA. A Coast Station will move communications toone of their working channels.When the vessel approaches her designated berth at minimum steerage way, the approach to the quay is made at the smallest possible angle. With a heaving line the hawser is pulled from the vessel onto the embankment by line-handlers. The spring is fastened to a bollard, and while the engine is on half astern, the warping drum picks up the slack. To prevent the line from being fouled, the hawser or spring is led through the fairlead. The ship is then maneuvered along the embankment and fastened to bollards by headlines, stern lines, breast lines and springs.When leaving berth, casting off orders, engine room orders and helm orders are given by the pilot or the master. After having started the engine, the first order is "Stand by for letting go!". When a line is cast off, the first order must always be "Slack away", so that it will become possible to handle the hawser. The next casting off order will then be: "Heave away", which means that the line can be pulled aboard. The sequence of casting off orders that can then be given depends on how the vessel has been berthed, and on the prevailing weather condition and currents.Weather-conditions have a great influence on the safety during a voyage and should always be taken into consideration in voyage-planning and when underway.The state of the atmosphere is determined by various meteorological elements, such as temperature, humidity, cloudiness and fog, forms of precipitation, barometric pressure, and speed and direction of wind. All these elements may be referred to as "the weather". Humidity refers to the amount of water vapour in the air. Warm air is capable of containing a higher grade of moisture, or humidity, than cold air. The maximum amountof moisture that air can hold at a specific temperature is known as "saturation".Most clouds are the result of a rising mass of cool air. When the temperature of air falls, water vapour in the air will condense into droplets or ice crystals, thus forming clouds or fogAll wheel orders given should be repeated by the helmsman and the officer of the watch shouldensure that they are carried out correctly and immediately. All wheel orders should be held untilcountermanded. The helmsman should report immediately. If the vessel does not answer the wheel,when there is concern that the helmsman is inattentive he should be questioned: "what is yourcourse?" and he should respond: "my course 230 degrees."Maritime communication comprises communication between vessels and coast-stations, inter-ship communication and intraship communication (internal communication when the vessel is before casting off, leaving berth, loading or discharging, etc.).Vessels and coast-stations can communicate by means of RadioTelephony, Satellite, Digital Selective Calling (DSC) and Radio-Telex .Categories of messages that can be transmitted and received are called 'priorities'. They indicate the importance of the message.A DISTRESS ALERT indicates that there is serious and immediate danger for vessel, crew and passengers. A Distress Alert is also referred to as a 'MAYDAY'.An URGENCY message indicates that there is serious danger for vessel, crew and passenger. An Urgency Message is also referred to as a 'PAN PAN' message.A SAFETY message indicates that there is imminent risk for navigation. A Safety Message is also referred to as a 'SECURITE' message.A ROUTINE message is transmitted to ensure safe navigation. Routine messages refer to intership communication, exchange of data in port operations, communication between ships and Vessel Traffic Services, inshore radar stations, pilot stations, bridges and locks.A linesman must never stand, or allow others to stand, between a mooring rope and the quayedge. A linesman must never stand in or allow others to stand in a loop or "bight" of any rope. Once a rope has been placed on a bollard, the linesman will move well away from the bollard whetherstrain has been taken on the rope by the ship or not. When considering what distance to move away,one must think in terms of 20 or even 30 feet if possible. A nylon rope parting under strain willfly back 20 to 25 feet; a sisal rope will probably not fly back at all but a steel wire rope will fly andcurl unpredictably, depending on the angle of the rope and how it parted. Every bollard, in regularuse is marked with yellow lines identifying the "snap back zone".The transmission of a distress alert indicates that a ship is in distress and requires immediately assistance. All stations on receiving a distress alert shall immediately cease any transmission capable of interfering with distress traffic and shall continue to watch until the call has been acknowledged. The distress alert should identify the ship in distress and either directly or indirectly indicate her position. The distress alert may also contain information regarding the nature of distress, the type of assistance required, the course and speed of the ship and the time at which the information was recorded. Ship-to-shore distress alerts will alert through coast stations and coast earth stations rescue coordination center that a ship is in distress using transmissions through satellites ( from a ship earth station or a satellite EPIRB), digital selective calling in the VHF, MF, and HFbands and by EPIRBs. Ship-to-ship distress alerts will alert other ships in the vicinity of the ship in distress using digital selective calling in the VHF and MF bands. Shore-to-ship distress alerts will be addressed as appropriate to a specific ship, to a selected group of ships, to ships within a specified geographical area or to all ships.There are five common kinds of injury on vessels. Seafarers sometimes break their arms and legs when they slip or fall. These accidents happen when they don't wear safety boots or when decks are wet and oily. Seafarers also fall when ladders are not secure. To prevent broken arms and legs, it is important to wear safety boots. Seafarers sometimes strain their backs when they lift heavy objects. Back strain usually happens when seafarers lift objects alone or when they don't use lifting equipment properly. To prevent back strain, it is important to lift properly. Seafarers sometimes suffer from burns when there is a fire, explosion or chemical spill. Seafarers need to be careful when they smoke or when they work with chemicals. To prevent burns, it is important to obey "No Smoking" signs and to handle chemical cargos safely. Seafarers sometimes suffer from cuts. They often cut their fingers when they are careless with sharp machinery. To prevent cuts, it is important to use safety guards and wear gloves. Seafarers sometimes injure their eyes when they work with machinery. Dust, sparks, and chemicals are very dangerous when they enter the eye. To prevent eye injuries, it is important to wear protective goggles.Helicopter is the rapidest transportation means to transfer the casualties or rescue survivors at sea. Helicopter rescue becomes more and more important in marine shipping. When the helicopter takes part in SAR operation, communications between the helicopter and vessels are vital. Most European countries have all weather SAR helicopters onpermanent standby with unfuelled ranges of up to 300 nautical miles and this range can be greatly extended by refueling from oil or forward airfields and some naval vessels. In this way, the entire North Sea, and most of North Atlantic out to 17° west, is covered by SAR helicopters. The helicopter pilot will want to approach the ship in such a way that the helicopter will hover into the relative wind and with the pilot's side(starboard side) closest to the ship as he approaches. If the helicopter is to approach in the usual manner, from the stern, the ship should maintain a constant speed through the water and keep the wind 30°on the port bow. If the hoisting area is some area of the ship other than the stern, the ship should keep the wind 30°on the starboard bow. A free flow of air, clear of smoke, over the hoisting area is desired. These procedures may be modified on instructions from the pilot of communications exist.A typical weather report normally includes three parts: Warning, Synoptic situation and Forecast. Gale warnings are usually issued when winds of at least force 8 or gusts reaching 43 knots are expected. Gale warnings remain in force until amended or cancelled. However, if the gale persists for more than 24 hours after the time of origin, the warning will be re-issued. The term "severe gale" implies a mean wind of at least force 9 or gusts reaching 52 knots. Storm warnings are usually issued when winds of force 10 or gusts reaching 61 knots are expected. The term "imminent" implies within 6 hours of the time of issue, "soon" implies between 6 and 12 hours, "later" implies more than 12 hours. Hurricane warnings are issued in some parts of the world when winds of force 12 or above are expected.Major coast radio stations all over the world transmit, at regular intervals and in code, weather information for ships within range. Weather information consists of ten parts, of which ships usually make use of three, that is, warning, synoptic situation and forecast. With weather information, mariners are able to keep away from disastrous weather at sea and reduce the danger a great deal. As terrible weather is predicted, ships can take precautions before hand, by delaying the voyage or seeking shelter in a safe place. If there is a high sea or long swell, they can take some measures to safeguard the cargo and the ship.In a terrestrial system the announcement of the safety message shall be made on one or more of the distress and safety calling frequencies specified in Section I of Article No.38 using digital selective calling techniques. A separate announcement need not be made if the message is to be transmitted through the maritime mobile- satellite service. The safety signal consists of the word SECURITE. In radiotelephony, it shall be pronounced as in French. The safety call format or the safety signal indicates that the calling station has an important navigational or meteorological warning to transmit.A VHF-transceiver (transmitter + receiver) transmits and receives radio signals. The VHF is used to bridge short distances, is easy to operate and is allowed to be used both in territorial waters and inland waterways. Its receiver has a "push-to-talk button". If the installation is a "simplex" radio, speaking and listening cannot be done simultaneously. When you wish to speak, you push the button; when you wish to listen, you release it. Before changing from speaking to listening, you say "over".VHF radio-communication can bridge about 40 miles. MF- or HF radiotelephony is usedto bridge 150 miles (MF) to 2000 miles (HF).Reception of radio signals will not always be of high quality, and coverage will not always extend to the desired areas. This may of course have consequences for the safety of the vessel and her crew. These disadvantages of communication through speech have led to the introduction of Digital Selective Calling in maritime communicationSo many lives are lost every year due to accidents involving towing and mooring ropes. Please spare a few minutes to read this. It may save your life.Always wear a safety helmet when on the deck of a tug, lighter or barge engaged in mooring, cargo or towing operations.Always wear shoes (not slippers) when working on deck.Never stand underneath an object being hoisted or lowered.Never stand within a bight of a rope.Never stand close to mooring or towing ropes under strain. If they break, the backlash can be fatal.Hoisting or lowering operations should always be carried out with a person at the controls. Failure to do so may cost you a limb or even your life.Shackles and thimbles should never go through roller fairleads. The ropes may jump off and cause injuries. All ropes and wires should be inspected regularly, and renewed for wear and tear whenever necessary.Always wear a lifejacket when working or walking on the deck of a barge or lighter during rough seas, rain or whenever the deck is wet. You may slip and fall into the water.口述题Send a PAN-PAN message according to the given information: Ship's name：White Snow.Call-sign: ALMI.Distress Position：22°04'N,127°08'E.Nature of distress suffered：breakdown of main engine. Assistance required：tug assistance.Please say something about your family.a)Members of your family.b)Their occupations.c)Their hobbies and characteristicsPlease say something about yourself.a)Your name, age, rank, working experiences, hobbies.b)Your daily work.c)Your spare time activities.Send a Mayday message according to the given information: Ship's name：South Pacific.Call-sign: NOPE.Distress Position：22°04'N,127°08'E.Nature of distress suffered：Grounded on the bow. Assistance required：tug assistance.If you are given engine orders, how should you reply and report?a) The meaning of common engine orders.b) How to reply engine orders.c) How to report engine orders.Please say something about your hometown.a)The geographical position, population, and features of your hometown.b)The environment and customs of your hometown.c)The specialties of your hometown.Give briefing on how to respond to emergency signals for boat drills.Items to be taken.Clothing to be put on.Other work to be done.Send a Mayday message according to the given information:Ship's name：Blue Whale.Call-sign: WXCP.Distress Position：47°04'N,50°08'W.Nature of distress suffered：being on fire after explosion in the engine room. Assistance required：fire-fighting assistance.What procedures should be taken when you receive helm orders as a helmsman?a) The three procedures a helmsman should take orderly when he receives the helm order.b) The manners in which a helmsman should take to answer the helm orders.c) Measures to be taken when the vessel does not answer the wheel.What measures should be taken if anchor dragging?a) The definition of anchor dragging.b) How to prevent anchor dragging.c) Measures to be taken when anchor dragging.Please describe the line handling operations before berthing.a) The cautions to be taken when approaching the quay.b) The usual ways to handle mooring lines when berthing.c) The method to prevent mooring lines from being fouled.Describe the proper way of using VHF.a)How to operate VHF set proper.b)General rules of using VHF.c)Rules of using VHF Channel 16.Give instructions on how to embark and behave in lifeboats or liferafts.Attention to be paid before entering.Attention to be paid while entering.Attention to be paid after entering.Send a PAN-PAN message according to the given information: Ship's name：Blue Sea.Call-sign: BERN.Distress Position：22°04'N,127°08'E.Nature of distress suffered：breakdown of steering gears. Assistance required：convoy.问答题What is your favorite kind of music?What is your favorite day of the week? Why?What is your favorite TV program?What is your favorite magazine?What is the worst thing about your hometown?What is the population of your country?What sports do you like to watch on TV?What is the best thing about your hometown?What is your favorite Web site?What is the population of your hometown?What do you think is the most popular sport in the world?What's your hometown like?What's your seaman's book number?What's your Captain's nationality?What's your date of birth?What is your favorite kind of movie?Where are you from?If you are ordered "Full ahead", how should you reply and report? If you are ordered "Stop engine", how should you reply and report? If you are ordered "Port five", how to reply and report?How to answer what is the course?What does "Finished with engine" mean?Can you list some orders are included in Standard Ship Orders.What do you report when the anchor has been heaved out of the ground and is clear of it? If you are ordered "Stand by both engines", how should you reply and report?If you are ordered "Steady", how to reply and report?What does 'foul anchor' mean?Which order is an equivalent to "Send out head line?When the anchor is heaved out of the water surface and just above it, what do you report? What does 'dredging of an anchor' mean?What does "Single up forward to breast line and spring" mean?If the anchor is secured firmly in sea bottom, what do you report?If there is no obstruction around the anchor before anchoring, what should you report? Which order is an equivalent to "let go stern line"?What does 'underway' mean?If you want change the position of the head line forward for 3 meters, what do you say? What does "Anchor is foul" mean?If you want to heave tight the breast line, what should you say?What does 'dragging of an anchor' mean?If the anchor has been heaved out of the ground and clear of the bottom, what do you report?When the vessel enters the VTS area, what is requested to report?What should be reported to the pilot station?How do you rectify the mistake in marine VHF communication?What ship's particulars will pilot station usually ask for?What should be confirmed from the pilot station?When you request the receiver to remain on channel 16 in VHF communication, what doyou say?How can a ship get in touch with a port before her arrival?How do you emphasize the important part of a message in maritime VHF communication?What is the maximum speed through the water that your ship can anchor without risking breaking the cable?Why is it dangerous to anchor in ice?When preparing for anchoring what must you do before releasing the bow stoppers? Would you let go an anchor from the hawse pipe if the depth was 75 meters?Is it safe to pass north of a South Mark?Can you define the very important term ‘underway’?How many meters are there in a nautical mile?What publication do you need to correct charts properly?If a sailing ship is overtaking a power-driven vessel, who has the right of way?How many ‘position lines’are needed to make a position?What does the abbreviation IALA stand for?A power-driven vessel is on a collision course with a fishing trawler. Who has the right of way?You have purchased a new chart. Is it right ready for use?Is it safe to pass north of a North Mark?When correcting charts why must you use symbols and abbreviations from chart 5011? How is it possible to find safety equipment in a room full of smoke?In tidal waters what would be the best time to 'beach' the ship in an emergency?What is the minimum requirement for a line-throwing appliance?When launching an inflatable liferaft into the sea, what is it most important to secure? What is the general emergency alarm?If you see a small, controlled fire on board another ship while at sea, what is the signal from the ship?Where are explosions most commonly encountered on board ship?Can you give a briefing on how to put on lifejackets?Why should you not take high protein food with you in a lifeboat?A ship is signalling you with his 'Aldis lamp' (Morse lamp) the letter 'U'. What is the message for you?What can be used to attract attention after abandoning the vessel?If the anchor is reported dragging, what would be your first action?Can you list some risks to crew while abandoning vessels?What should be done to make sure that medicines are on board each lifeboat?Coastal radio stations keep a constant watch on distrees frequencies. What frequencies are they?If you are in a lifeboat without an imminent prospect of being rescued, how soon should you issue food and water?If you have no rockets, flags, signals or radio, how can you indicate to a ship in sight that you need assistance?When there is a muster for an emergency there are several things that must be closed. Give three examples.What type of oil is used in certain rescue operations to prevent the seas breaking?What are passengers advised to put on while abandoning the vessel?What does MAYDAY mean in marine communications?What does SECURITE mean in marine communications? What should be included in MAYDAY messages?What does PAN-PAN mean in marine communications?。