Findings:
Black students bused to white schools did not improve their performance relative to those who were not bused. Bused students were more likely to go on to better colleges other studies generally support these findings.

Policy Implications:
Stop worrying about money? Family background: compensate with:

HEAD START.

Peer Group Influences:
SCHOOL BUSING
David Armour:
“The Evidence on Busing,” 1972 study of the effects of a Boston School Busing program
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The Coleman Report
James S. Coleman, et. al., “Equality of Educational Opportunity”, 1966 surveyed 600,000 students, 60,000 teachers, 4,000 schools study required by 1964 Civil Rights Act, purpose: to measure the lack of equal educational opportunity in the U. S.

Coleman Report II
“Trends in School Desegregation” Private schools more integrated than public schools (sort of) School Busing causes “White Flight” (not a very good study)
American Education Policy
What Works Link to Education data
Chapter 9 key terms



Expanding the federal role race\religion Unequal funding –states serano v priest; San Antonio v Rodriquez Equality outside the US Merit pay, Bilingual ed School vouchers, pro and con Charter schools | NCLB

Findings:
schools serving black pupils not physically inferior to schools serving white pupils. money spent, class size, laboratories, guidance counseling, teacher salaries, teacher qualification had no effect on academic achievement.

What about HEAD START?

Findings..............
Students with parents with high socioeconomic status (SES) had higher scholastic achievement. Students who went to school with students whose parents had high SES had higher scholastic achievement.

பைடு நூலகம்homas F. Pettigrew
reanalyzed Coleman’s data: Black students attending mostly white schools averaged two grade levels higher achievement than black pupils in segregated schools. White students’ in integrated schools no worse than white students in segregated schools.
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Average all PISA 2003 tests
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Cumulative expenditure per student between 6 and 15 years
(In equivalent US dollars using purchasing power parities)
Greece Korea Ireland Spain Portugal Germany Finland Netherlands Australia Canada Japan Sweden France Belgium Iceland Denmark / Norway Italy Austria Switzerland United States