第11章语言学与语言教学Ⅰ. Fill in the blanks.1. _____ is a method of foreign or second language teaching which makes use of translation and grammar study as the main teaching and learning activities. 【答案】Grammar-translation Method【解析】语法翻译法即在外语教学中主要运用翻译和语法学习为教学活动的方法。

2. _____ is formed when the leaner attempts to learn a new language, and it has features of both the first language and the second language but is neither.【答案】Interlanguage【解析】当学习者学习一种新语言时，就产生了中介语。

中介语具有第一语言和第二语言的特征，但中介语是一个动态的语言系统，我们不能把中介语看成是母语和二语的过渡阶段或者是二者的简单混合。

3. Hymes’ theory leads to nation/function-based syllables, and a step further, _____ syllabuses.【答案】communicative【解析】海姆斯提出的交际教学大纲以功能—意念大纲为基础，它教授表达和理解不同语言功能时所需要的语言，并且强调交际的过程。

4. Error is the grammatically incorrect form; _____ appears when the language is correct grammatically but improper in a communicational context.【答案】mistake【解析】错误通常指由于学习者不知道正确的形式或者不能正确地使用语言而出现的错误。

失误则是学习者学会了某种知识或技能，但是由于不注意或者其他因素的影响而没能正确地使用语言。

5. Such errors as “teached” and “womans” are caused by _____.【答案】second language learners【解析】这些错误一般是第二语言习得者犯的。

6. _____ is a grammar-based language teaching method in which principles of grammatical and lexical gradation are used and new teaching points presented and practiced through situations.【答案】Situational language teaching【解析】情景教学法基于语法的教学方法，强调在情境中呈现语法规则和词汇级别等教学点。

7. There are three principles of language testing: _____, _____ and _____.【答案】validity; reliability; practicality【解析】语言测试的三个原则：效度原则，信度原则及实用性原则。

Ⅱ. Multiple Choice1. In Krashen’s monitor theory, “i” in “i + 1” hypothesis of second language acquisition refers to _____.A. interactionB. interferenceC. inputD. intake【答案】C【解析】克拉申的“监控理论”中有一种二语习得输入假说，他用i表示学习者现有水平，用1表示略高于的水平，这就是克拉申的“i﹢1”输入假说。

2. The _____ is a syllabus in which the language content is arranged in terms of speech acts together with the language items needed for them.A. structural syllabusB. situational syllabusC. notional syllabusD. functional syllabus【答案】B【解析】在情景教学大纲中，语言内容是根据言语行为和所需的语言来进行组织的，其目的是要具体区分目的语使用的不同场景，语言的选择和组织都是以情景为线索的。

3. Negative transfer in learning a second language is known as _____.A. interferenceB. interlanguageC. fossilizationD. acculturation【答案】A【解析】语言学习者在学习第二语言时，难免受到母语的种种影响。

其中有正面的影响，称作正迁移，也有负面的影响，称作负迁移或者干扰。

4. _____ sees errors as the result of the intrusion of L1 habits over which the learner had no control.A. Error analysisB. Performance analysisC. Contrastive analysisD. Discourse analysis【答案】C【解析】对比分析是通过对比不同语言来确定潜在错误的方法，它将错误看作是受母语习惯的结果，并认为这是学习者无法控制的。

5. A child acquires his/her mother tongue invariably through these phases: _____, one-word, two-word and multiword.A. no-wordB. babblingC. talkingD. uttering【答案】B【解析】婴儿学习母语的过程分为四个阶段：呀呀学语阶段，单语词阶段，双语词阶段和多语词阶段。

Ⅲ. True or false1. Universal Grammar refers to the principles and properties that pertain to the grammars of all human languages.【答案】T【解析】普遍语法指符合所有人类语言特征的语法。

2. All normal children have equal ability in learning their first language.【答案】T【解析】乔姆斯基的语言习得机制解释了这一点。

3. It is easy for parents to teach their children grammar.【答案】F【解析】语法的获得一方面是语言掌握能力的提升，另一方面是语言表达能力的提高，孩子在十岁之前很难掌握一些语法之间的细微差异。

4. The ability to learn a second language as an adult may vary considerably between individuals.【答案】T【解析】不同的个体有不同的学习环境，并且他们的学习能力也会受到学习动机和个人爱好的影响。

Ⅳ. Explain the following terms.1. Applied linguisticsKey: It is a branch of linguistics which studies the application of linguistics in reality. For example, there are studies on multilingualism, language acquisition, first and second language teaching and learning.2. InterlanguageKey: It refers to the type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language. It’s a language system between the target language and the learner’s native language, and imperfect compared with the target language, but not mere translation from the learner’s native language. For example, when the Chinese student is learning English, he may make errors like “to touch the society”.3. Contrastive analysisKey: Contrastive analysis is an approach to analysis of second language acquisition, based on a belief that a more effective teaching pedagogy would come out when the similarities and differences between native language and target language are。